ArticleDrug and alcohol dependence2016
Nationwide increase in hospitalizations for heroin-related soft tissue infections: Associations with structural market conditions.
Article in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 81 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
81 citing papers in PubMed, 137 citations in OpenAlex.
- Characteristics associated with motivation to stop substance use and improve skin and needle hygiene among hospitalized patients who inject drugs.Substance abuse · 2022Trial
- Association of skin infections with sharing of injection drug preparation equipment among people who inject drugs.The International journal on drug policy · 2021Trial
- Trends in diagnosis of amyloid kidney disease in people who inject drugs (PWID).Preventive medicine reports · 2026Article
- Association of Emergency Department Buprenorphine Initiation With Subsequent Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Among Patients With Opioid Use Disorder.Journal of addiction medicine · 2026Article
- Infectious disease complications associated with opioid use disorder at a southern county hospital: a retrospective chart review.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Clinical Impact of an Expanded MOUD Access Initiative for Patients Hospitalized With Infections From Intravenous Opioid Use.American journal of medicine open · 2025Article
- Multidisciplinary Guidance to Care for Persons With Xylazine-Associated Wounds.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Review
- Incidence, Patient-Directed Discharge, Readmission, and Mortality Among People Hospitalized With Injecting-Related Infection: A Population-Based Linkage Study.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Addiction consult service involvement in PrEP and PEP delivery for patients who inject drugs admitted to an urban essential hospital.Addiction science & clinical practice · 2024Article
- A hand-washing community-based educational intervention to reduce abscess incidence among people who inject drugs: a cluster randomised controlled clinical trial protocol (the HAWA study protocol).BMC public health · 2024Article
- Illicit Fentanyl Use and Hepatitis C Virus Seroconversion Among People Who Inject Drugs in Tijuana and San Diego: Results From a Binational Cohort Study.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2024Article
- Racialized environments and syringe services program implementation: County-level factors.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2024Article
- Social determinants of injection drug use-associated bacterial infections and treatment outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- U.S. trends in methamphetamine-involved psychiatric hospitalizations in the United States, 2015-2019.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2024Article
- Funding and Delivery of Syringe Services Programs in the United States, 2022.American journal of public health · 2024Article
- Looking Back on COVID-19 and the Evolving Drug Overdose Crisis: Updated Trends Through 2022.American journal of public health · 2024Article
- NEXT: description, rationale, and evaluation of a novel internet-based mail-delivered syringe service program.Journal of substance use · 2024Article
- Use of Syringe Service Programs in Rural vs Urban Maine: A Harm-Reduction Study.Journal of Maine Medical Center · 2024Article
- Harm reduction in undergraduate and graduate medical education: a systematic scoping review.BMC medical education · 2023Article
- Prevalence and incidence of emergency department presentations and hospital separations with injecting-related infections in a longitudinal cohort of people who inject drugs.Epidemiology and infection · 2023Article
21 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
introductionLittle is known about trends in national rates of injection-related skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) and their relationship to the structural risk environment for heroin users. Use of Mexican-sourced "Black Tar" heroin, predominant in western US states, may have greater risk for SSTI compared with eastern US powder heroin (Colombian-sourced) due to its association with non-intravenous injection or from possible contamination.
methodsUsing nationally representative hospital admissions data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample and heroin price and purity data from the Drug Enforcement Administration, we looked at rates of hospital admissions for opiate-related SSTI (O-SSTI) between 1993 and 2010. Regression analyses examined associations between O-SSTI and heroin source, form and price.
resultsHospitalization rates of O-SSTI doubled from 4 to 9 per 100,000 nationally between 1993 and 2010; the increase concentrated among individuals aged 20-40. Heroin market features were strongly associated with changes in the rate of SSTI. Each $100 increase in yearly heroin price-per-gram-pure was associated with a 3% decrease in the rate of heroin-related SSTI admissions. Mexican-sourced-heroin-dominant cities had twice the rate of O-SSTI compared to Colombian-sourced-heroin-dominant cities. DISCUSSION: Heroin-related SSTI are increasing and structural factors, including heroin price and source-form, are associated with higher rates of SSTI hospital admissions. Clinical and harm reduction efforts should educate heroin users on local risk factors, e.g., heroin type, promote vein health strategies and provide culturally sensitive treatment services for persons suffering with SSTI.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.