ArticleSchizophrenia bulletin2016
Why Are Children in Urban Neighborhoods at Increased Risk for Psychotic Symptoms? Findings From a UK Longitudinal Cohort Study.
Article in Schizophrenia bulletin, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 113 citations in OpenAlex.
- Defining Urbanicity in the Context of Psychosis Research: A Qualitative Systematic Literature Review.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2025Pooled it
- Neighborhood Characteristics and Psychosis Risk Across Development.Schizophrenia research · 2026Article
- Who Gets FIp? Understanding Contextual Factors in EIP Provision.Early intervention in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Social cohesion, social capital and mental health: current evidence and future research directions.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2026Article
- Community severance and mental health-related hospital visits in New York City.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2026Article
- Neighborhood-level social determinants of suicidality in youth with schizophrenia: An EHR-based study.Schizophrenia research · 2025Article
- Associations between local rates of violence and experiences of psychosis in Trinidad.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Exploring causal mechanisms of psychosis risk.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2024Review
- Contextual factors of child behavioral health across developmental stages.Development and psychopathology · 2024Article
- Urbanicity and psychotic disorders: Facts and hypotheses.Dialogues in clinical neuroscience · 2023Review
- Socioenvironmental Adversity and Adolescent Psychotic Experiences: Exploring Potential Mechanisms in a UK Longitudinal Cohort.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2023Article
- Genetic and Geographical Associations With Six Dimensions of Psychotic Experiences in Adolesence.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2023Article
- Community indicators for mental health in Europe: a scoping review.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- The Critical Roles of Early Development, Stress, and Environment in the Course of Psychosis.Annual review of developmental psychology · 2022Article
- Association between genetic and socioenvironmental risk for schizophrenia during upbringing in a UK longitudinal cohort.Psychological medicine · 2022Article
- Explaining the Association Between Urbanicity and Psychotic-Like Experiences in Pre-Adolescence: The Indirect Effect of Urban Exposures.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
- Association between Urban Upbringing and Compulsive Internet Use in Japan: A Cross-Sectional, Multilevel Study with Retrospective Recall.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Environmental Risk Factors and Psychotic-like Experiences in Children Aged 9-10.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · 2021Article
- Association of Urbanicity with Schizophrenia and Related Mortality in China: Association de l'urbanicité avec la schizophrénie et la mortalité qui y est reliée en Chine.Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie · 2021Article
- Association of Air Pollution Exposure in Childhood and Adolescence With Psychopathology at the Transition to Adulthood.JAMA network open · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundUrban upbringing is associated with a 2-fold adulthood psychosis risk, and this association replicates for childhood psychotic symptoms. No study has investigated whether specific features of urban neighborhoods increase children's risk for psychotic symptoms, despite these early psychotic phenomena elevating risk for schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders in adulthood.
methodsAnalyses were conducted on over 2000 children from the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study, a nationally-representative cohort of UK-born twins. Neighborhood-level characteristics were assessed for each family via: a geodemographic discriminator indexing neighborhood-level deprivation, postal surveys of over 5000 residents living alongside the children, and in-home interviews with the children's mothers. Children were interviewed about psychotic symptoms at age 12. Analyses were adjusted for important family-level confounders including socioeconomic status (SES), psychiatric history, and maternal psychosis.
resultsUrban residency at age-5 (OR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.16-2.77) and age-12 (OR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.15-2.69) were both significantly associated with childhood psychotic symptoms, but not with age-12 anxiety, depression, or antisocial behavior. The association was not attributable to family SES, family psychiatric history, or maternal psychosis, each implicated in childhood mental health. Low social cohesion, together with crime victimization in the neighborhood explained nearly a quarter of the association between urbanicity and childhood psychotic symptoms after considering family-level confounders.
conclusionsLow social cohesion and crime victimization in the neighborhood partly explain why children in cities have an elevated risk of developing psychotic symptoms. Greater understanding of the mechanisms leading from neighborhood-level exposures to psychotic symptoms could help target interventions for emerging childhood psychotic symptoms.
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