Evidence map›Paper›PMID 27153845›Full record

SynthesisCancer causes & control : CCC2016

An update of the WCRF/AICR systematic literature review on esophageal and gastric cancers and citrus fruits intake.

Snieguole Vingeliene, Doris S M Chan, Dagfinn Aune, Ana R Vieira, Elli Polemiti, Christophe Stevens, Leila Abar, Deborah Navarro Rosenblatt, Darren C Greenwood, Teresa Norat

Open access · hybridAbstract readSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Cancer causes & control : CCC, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
21citing papers in PubMed, 6 pooled it
3.8field-weighted citation impact, top 7% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

21 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 36 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Pooled it
  4. Pooled it
  5. Pooled it
  6. Pooled it
  7. Observational
  8. Cancers attributable to diet in Italy.International journal of cancer · 2025
    Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Early Gastric Cancer: Update on Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023
    Review
  14. Review
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Antioxidant-Rich Diet,Frontiers in oncology · 2020
    Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.

Snieguole VingelieneDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK. s.vingeliene@imperial.ac.uk.
Doris S M ChanDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
Dagfinn AuneDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
Ana R VieiraDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
Elli PolemitiDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
Christophe StevensDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
Leila AbarDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
Deborah Navarro RosenblattDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
Darren C GreenwoodDivision of Biostatistics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
Teresa NoratDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
Imperial College London · GBNorwegian University of Science and Technology · NOUniversity of Leeds · GB

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeThe 2007 World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research expert report concluded that foods containing vitamin C probably protect against esophageal cancer and fruits probably protect against gastric cancer. Most of the previous evidence was from case-control studies, which may be affected by recall and selection biases. More recently, several cohort studies have examined these associations. We conducted a systematic literature review of prospective studies on citrus fruits intake and risk of esophageal and gastric cancers.

methodsPubMed was searched for studies published until 1 March 2016. We calculated summary relative risks and 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI) using random-effects models.

resultsWith each 100 g/day increase of citrus fruits intake, a marginally significant decreased risk of esophageal cancer was observed (summary RR 0.86, 95 % CI 0.74-1.00, 1,057 cases, six studies). The associations were similar for squamous cell carcinoma (RR 0.87, 95 % CI 0.69-1.08, three studies) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (RR 0.93, 95 % CI 0.78-1.11, three studies). For gastric cancer, the nonsignificant inverse association was observed for gastric cardia cancer (RR 0.75, 95 % CI 0.55-1.01, three studies), but not for gastric non-cardia cancer (RR 1.02, 95 % CI 0.90-1.16, four studies). Consistent summary inverse associations were observed when comparing the highest with lowest intake, with statistically significant associations for esophageal (RR 0.77, 95 % CI 0.64-0.91, seven studies) and gastric cardia cancers (RR 0.62, 95 % CI 0.39-0.99, three studies).

conclusionsCitrus fruits may decrease the risk of esophageal and gastric cardia cancers, but further studies are needed.

Indexed as

CitrusEatingFruitAdenocarcinomaCarcinoma, Squamous CellCase-Control StudiesEsophageal NeoplasmsHumansProspective StudiesStomach NeoplasmsCitrus fruitsEsophageal cancerGastric cancerMeta-analysisSystematic literature review

Identifiers

PMID27153845
PMCPMC4923099
OpenAlexW2345494026

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.