ArticlePloS one2016
Individual Correlates of Infectivity of Influenza A Virus Infections in Households.
Article in PloS one, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk of infection and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among children and adolescents in households, communities and educational settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of global health · 2021Pooled it
- Children are unlikely to be the main drivers of the COVID-19 pandemic - A systematic review.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2020Pooled it
- Indirect protection from vaccinating children against influenza in households.Nature communications · 2019Trial
- Anti-neuraminidase and anti-HA stalk antibodies reduce the susceptibility to and infectivity of influenza A/H3N2 virus.Nature communications · 2025Article
- A fundamental limit to the effectiveness of traveller screening with molecular tests.Epidemiology and infection · 2025Article
- Interplay Between Viral Shedding, Age, and Symptoms in Individual Infectivity of COVID-19 Breakthrough Infections in Households.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Inferring transmission risk of respiratory viral infection from the viral load kinetics of SARS-CoV-2, England, 2020 to 2021 and influenza A virus, Hong Kong, 2008 to 2012.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2025Article
- Indirect Protection from Vaccinating Children against Influenza A Virus Infection in Households.Viruses · 2022Article
- Randomization for the susceptibility effect of an infectious disease intervention.Journal of mathematical biology · 2022Article
- Timing of exposure is critical in a highly sensitive model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.PLoS pathogens · 2022Article
- Surveillance of Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Elementary Schools and Daycare Facilities in Bavaria, Germany (09/2020-03/2021).Frontiers in pediatrics · 2022Article
- Household transmission of influenza A and B within a prospective cohort during the 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 seasons.Statistics in medicine · 2021Article
- Estimating infectiousness throughout SARS-CoV-2 infection course.Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2021Article
- Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic on Pediatric Infectious Disease Research.The Journal of pediatrics · 2021Article
- The unique features of SARS-CoV-2 transmission: Comparison with SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza virus.Reviews in medical virology · 2021Review
- Identification of causal intervention effects under contagion.Journal of causal inference · 2021Article
- Influenza A (H3) illness and viral aerosol shedding from symptomatic naturally infected and experimentally infected cases.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2021Article
- Children account for a small proportion of diagnoses of SARS-CoV-2 infection and do not exhibit greater viral loads than adults.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2020Article
- The influenza virus, SARS-CoV-2, and the airways: Clarification for the otorhinolaryngologist.European annals of otorhinolaryngology, head and neck diseases · 2020Article
- Providing a paediatric trauma and orthopaedics service during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic: The Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital experience.Bone & joint open · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIdentifying individual correlates of infectivity of influenza virus is important for disease control and prevention. Viral shedding is used as a proxy measure of infectivity in many studies. However, the evidence for this is limited.
methodsIn a detailed study of influenza virus transmission within households in 2008-12, we recruited index cases with confirmed influenza infection from outpatient clinics, and followed up their household contacts for 7-10 days to identify secondary infections. We used individual-based hazard models to characterize the relationship between individual viral shedding and individual infectivity.
resultsWe analyzed 386 households with 1147 household contacts. Index cases were separated into 3 groups according to their estimated level of viral shedding at symptom onset. We did not find a statistically significant association of virus shedding with transmission. Index cases in medium and higher viral shedding groups were estimated to have 21% (95% CI: -29%, 113%) and 44% (CI: -16%, 167%) higher infectivity, compared with those in the lower viral shedding group.
conclusionsIndividual viral load measured by RT-PCR in the nose and throat was at most weakly correlated with individual infectivity in households. Other correlates of infectivity should be examined in future studies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.