ReviewToxins2016
Clostridium difficile Toxins A and B: Insights into Pathogenic Properties and Extraintestinal Effects.
Review in Toxins, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 149 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
149 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 241 citations in OpenAlex.
- Biological Mechanisms of Polyphenols againstInfectious disorders drug targets · 2025Pooled it
- Gut microbiota translocation and dissemination in health: can it be beneficial and purposeful?Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Clostridioides difficile as a Zoonotic and Foodborne Pathogen: Reviewing the Global Evidence and South African Data.MicrobiologyOpen · 2026Review
- Sensing the spectrum: diverse stimuli for the NLRP3 inflammasome.Communications biology · 2026Review
- Observational
- Ionomycin Exhibits Potent and Selective Bactericidal Activity Against Clostridioides difficile Through Calcium-Dependent Membrane Disruption.MicrobiologyOpen · 2026Article
- Predictors of RecurrentDiagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Review
- Addressing Unmet Needs inCurrent medicinal chemistry · 2026Review
- High resolution immunoinformatic profiling of Zonula occludens toxin reveals a conserved multiepitope vaccine candidate inFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Robust high-sensitivity real-time impedance analysis for neutralization drug screening and toxicity kinetics ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Garvicin Q-producing Lactococcus garvieae LG3092: its role in mitigating dysbiosis and H. pylori-associated gastritis.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2025Article
- The emerging view on the roles of butyrate inInfection and immunity · 2025Review
- Clostridioides difficile meets the adenosine system: the art of manipulating host homeostasis.Journal of biomedical science · 2025Review
- Extraintestinal Manifestations ofAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Article
- Healthcare-AssociatedMicroorganisms · 2025Article
- Genomic Characterization of Linezolid-ResistantBiotech (Basel (Switzerland)) · 2025Article
- Use of PCR cycle threshold values for toxins A and B quantification in Clostridioides difficile infections.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Tiny but Mighty: Small RNAs-The Micromanagers of Bacterial Survival, Virulence, and Host-Pathogen Interactions.Non-coding RNA · 2025Review
89 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) has significant clinical impact especially on the elderly and/or immunocompromised patients. The pathogenicity of Clostridium difficile is mainly mediated by two exotoxins: toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB). These toxins primarily disrupt the cytoskeletal structure and the tight junctions of target cells causing cell rounding and ultimately cell death. Detectable C. difficile toxemia is strongly associated with fulminant disease. However, besides the well-known intestinal damage, recent animal and in vitro studies have suggested a more far-reaching role for these toxins activity including cardiac, renal, and neurologic impairment. The creation of C. difficile strains with mutations in the genes encoding toxin A and B indicate that toxin B plays a major role in overall CDI pathogenesis. Novel insights, such as the role of a regulator protein (TcdE) on toxin production and binding interactions between albumin and C. difficile toxins, have recently been discovered and will be described. Our review focuses on the toxin-mediated pathogenic processes of CDI with an emphasis on recent studies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.