ArticleToxins2016
An Immunosuppressant Peptide from the Hard Tick Amblyomma variegatum.
Article in Toxins, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical effect of spleen aminopeptide on improving liver function damage and immune function in children with infant hepatitis syndrome.World journal of gastrointestinal surgery · 2024Trial
- In silico characterization of ferritin 2 conserved motifs and B-cell epitopes inJournal of veterinary science · 2026Article
- Anti-inflammatory peptide therapeutics and the role of sulphur containing amino acids (cysteine and methionine) in inflammation suppression: A review.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2024Review
- Peptidomics Analysis Reveals the Buccal Gland of Jawless Vertebrate Lamprey as a Source of Multiple Bioactive Peptides.Marine drugs · 2023Article
- Potential Mechanisms of Transmission of Tick-Borne Viruses at the Virus-Tick Interface.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Review
- Host Immune Responses to Salivary Components - A Critical Facet of Tick-Host Interactions.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Review
- Arboviruses: How Saliva Impacts the Journey from Vector to Host.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Changing the Recipe: Pathogen Directed Changes in Tick Saliva Components.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Review
- Anti-inflammatory activities of arthropod peptides: a systematic review.The journal of venomous animals and toxins including tropical diseases · 2021Review
- Tick Salivary Compounds for Targeted Immunomodulatory Therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Differential Tick Salivary Protein Profiles and Human Immune Responses to Lone Star Ticks (Frontiers in immunology · 2019Article
- Deciphering Biological Processes at the Tick-Host Interface Opens New Strategies for Treatment of Human Diseases.Frontiers in physiology · 2019Review
- The Essential Role of Tick Salivary Glands and Saliva in Tick Feeding and Pathogen Transmission.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2017Review
- Immunomodulatory Effects ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Ixodid ticks are well known for spreading transmitted tick-borne pathogens while being attached to their hosts for almost 1-2 weeks to obtain blood meals. Thus, they must secrete many immunosuppressant factors to combat the hosts' immune system. In the present work, we investigated an immunosuppressant peptide of the hard tick Amblyomma variegatum. This peptide, named amregulin, is composed of 40 residues with an amino acid sequence of HLHMHGNGATQVFKPRLVLKCPNAAQLIQPGKLQRQLLLQ. A cDNA of the precursor peptide was obtained from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI, Bethesda, MD, USA). In rat splenocytes, amregulin exerts significant anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the secretion of inflammatory factors in vitro, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). In rat splenocytes, treated with amregulin, compared to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) alone, the inhibition of the above inflammatory factors was significant at all tested concentrations (2, 4 and 8 µg/mL). Amregulin shows strong free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities (5, 10 and 20 µg/mL) in vitro. Amregulin also significantly inhibits adjuvant-induced paw inflammation in mouse models in vivo. This peptide may facilitate the ticks' successful blood feeding and may lead to host immunotolerance of the tick. These findings have important implications for the understanding of tick-host interactions and the co-evolution between ticks and the viruses that they bear.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.