Evidence map›Paper›PMID 27149086›Full record

Observational studyAIDS (London, England)2016

Immune recovery in HIV-infected patients after Candida esophagitis is impaired despite long-term antiretroviral therapy.

Claudia Stuehler, Claudia Bernardini, Luigia Elzi, Marcel Stoeckle, Stefan Zimmerli, Hansjakob Furrer, Huldrych F Günthard, Salomé Leibundgut-Landmann, Manuel Battegay, Nina Khanna and 1 more

Open access · hybridAbstract readObservational Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in AIDS (London, England), 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
0.7field-weighted citation impact, top 29% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Review
  3. Late-onset opportunistic infections while receiving anti-retroviral therapy in Latin America: burden and risk factors.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2022
    Article
  4. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors at 7 institutions in 4 countries.

Claudia StuehleraInfection Biology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital of Basel bDivision of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research University Hospital of Basel, Basel cDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern dDivision of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich eInstitute of Medical Virology fSection of Immunology, Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland. *Claudia Stuehler and Claudia Bernardini contributed equally to this article.
Claudia Bernardini
Luigia Elzi
Marcel Stoeckle
Stefan Zimmerli
Hansjakob Furrer
Huldrych F Günthard
Salomé Leibundgut-Landmann
Manuel Battegay
Nina Khanna
Swiss HIV Cohort Study
Creative Commons · USFundación Juan March · ESUniversity Hospital of Bern · CHInstitute of Virology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences · SKUniversity Hospital of Basel · CHUniversity Hospital of Zurich · CHUniversity of Bern · CH

Funding

Swiss National Science Foundation 150758
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveCandida esophagitis belongs to the most common AIDS-defining diseases; however, a comprehensive immune pathogenic concept is lacking.

designWe investigated the immune status of 37 HIV-1-infected patients from the Swiss HIV cohort study at diagnosis of Candida esophagitis, 1 year before, 1 year later and after 2 years of suppressed HIV RNA. We compared these patients with three groups: 37 HIV-1-infected patients without Candida esophagitis but similar CD4 cell counts as the patients at diagnosis (advanced HIV group), 15 HIV-1-infected patients with CD4 cell counts higher than 500 cells/μl, CD4 cell nadirs higher than 350 cells/μl and suppressed HIV RNA under combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) (early cART group) and 20 healthy individuals.

methodsWe investigated phenotype, cytokine production and proliferative capacity of different immune cells by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot.

resultsWe found that patients with Candida esophagitis had nearly abolished CD4 cell proliferation in response to Candida albicans, significantly increased percentages of dysfunctional CD4 cells, significantly decreased cytotoxic natural killer cell counts and peripheral innate lymphoid cell counts and significantly reduced IFN-γ and IL-17 production compared with the early cART group and healthy individuals. Most of these defects remained for more than 2 years despite viral suppression. The advanced HIV group without opportunistic infection showed partly improved immune recovery.

conclusionOur data indicate that Candida esophagitis in HIV-1-infected patients is caused by an accumulation of multiple, partly Candida-specific immunological defects. Long-term immune recovery is impaired, illustrating that specific immunological gaps persist despite cART. These data also support the rationale for early cART initiation to prevent irreversible immune defects.

Indexed as

Immune ReconstitutionAdultAIDS-Related Opportunistic InfectionsAnti-Retroviral AgentsCandidiasisCell ProliferationCytokinesEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent AssayEsophagitisFlow CytometryHIV InfectionsHumansProspective StudiesT-Lymphocyte SubsetsTreatment OutcomeAnti-Retroviral AgentsCytokines

Identifiers

PMID27149086
PMCPMC4949004
OpenAlexW2346200243

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.