ArticleCold Spring Harbor molecular case studies2016
Long-term changes of bacterial and viral compositions in the intestine of a recovered Clostridium difficile patient after fecal microbiota transplantation.
Article in Cold Spring Harbor molecular case studies, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Gut bacteriophage dynamics during fecal microbial transplantation in subjects with metabolic syndrome.Gut microbesTrial
- Review
- A Comprehensive Review of the Gut-Microbiota-Brain Axis in Alzheimer's Disease: From Pathophysiology to Potential Therapies.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- A review of engraftment assessments following fecal microbiota transplant.Gut microbes · 2025Review
- Targeting Gut-Lung Crosstalk in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Gut Virome and Aging: Phage-Driven Microbial Stability and Immune Modulation.Aging and disease · 2025Review
- Carbohydrate-mediated interactions between chloroviruses and the immune system.Communications biology · 2024Article
- Article
- Returning to Nature for the Next Generation of Antimicrobial Therapeutics.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Proton pump inhibitors may enhance the risk of digestive diseases by regulating intestinal microbiota.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Review
- The human gut virome: composition, colonization, interactions, and impacts on human health.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Review
- The Mechanism of Important Components in Canine Fecal Microbiota Transplantation.Veterinary sciences · 2022Review
- Microbiosis in lung allotransplantation and xenotransplantation: State of the art and future perspective.Health care science · 2022Review
- Rehabilitation of a misbehaving microbiome: phages for the remodeling of bacterial composition and function.iScience · 2022Review
- Encapsulated Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: Development, Efficacy, and Clinical Application.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Review
- Recipient factors in faecal microbiota transplantation: one stool does not fit all.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2021Review
- Long-Term Follow-Up Results of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Single-Center, Retrospective Study.Frontiers in medicine · 2021Article
- Identification and Antibiotic Profiling ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2021Article
- Faecal microbiota transplantation for Clostridioides difficile: mechanisms and pharmacology.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an effective treatment for recurrent Clostridium difficile infections (RCDIs). However, long-term effects on the patients' gut microbiota and the role of viruses remain to be elucidated. Here, we characterized bacterial and viral microbiota in the feces of a cured RCDI patient at various time points until 4.5 yr post-FMT compared with the stool donor. Feces were subjected to DNA sequencing to characterize bacteria and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses including phages. The patient's microbial communities varied over time and showed little overall similarity to the donor until 7 mo post-FMT, indicating ongoing gut microbiota adaption in this time period. After 4.5 yr, the patient's bacteria attained donor-like compositions at phylum, class, and order levels with similar bacterial diversity. Differences in the bacterial communities between donor and patient after 4.5 yr were seen at lower taxonomic levels. C. difficile remained undetectable throughout the entire timespan. This demonstrated sustainable donor feces engraftment and verified long-term therapeutic success of FMT on the molecular level. Full engraftment apparently required longer than previously acknowledged, suggesting the implementation of year-long patient follow-up periods into clinical practice. The identified dsDNA viruses were mainly Caudovirales phages. Unexpectedly, sequences related to giant algae-infecting Chlorella viruses were also detected. Our findings indicate that intestinal viruses may be implicated in the establishment of gut microbiota. Therefore, virome analyses should be included in gut microbiota studies to determine the roles of phages and other viruses-such as Chlorella viruses-in human health and disease, particularly during RCDI.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.