ReviewFrontiers in immunology2016
New Insights into the Generation of CD4 Memory May Shape Future Vaccine Strategies for Influenza.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Cytotoxic CD4 development requires CD4 effectors to concurrently recognize local antigen and encounter type I IFN-induced IL-15.Cell reports · 2023Article
- Editorial: Adaptive immunity to respiratory pathogens.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Clonotypic analysis of protective influenza M2e-specific lung resident Th17 memory cells reveals extensive functional diversity.Mucosal immunology · 2022Article
- Strong influenza-induced TProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022Article
- Development of a Mouse Model to Explore CD4 T Cell Specificity, Phenotype, and Recruitment to the Lung after Influenza B Infection.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Durable CD4 T-Cell Memory Generation Depends on Persistence of High Levels of Infection at an Effector Checkpoint that Determines Multiple Fates.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology · 2021Review
- Synergistic effect of non-neutralizing antibodies and interferon-γ for cross-protection against influenza.iScience · 2021Article
- Type II alveolar cell MHCII improves respiratory viral disease outcomes while exhibiting limited antigen presentation.Nature communications · 2021Article
- T resident helper cells promote humoral responses in the lung.Science immunology · 2021Article
- Recommendations for vaccination in multiple myeloma: a consensus of the European Myeloma Network.Leukemia · 2021Review
- "An Intrinsic Program Determines Key Age-Associated Changes in Adaptive Immunity that Limit Response to Non-Pathogens."Frontiers in aging · 2021Article
- Programming Multifaceted Pulmonary T Cell Immunity by Combination Adjuvants.Cell reports. Medicine · 2020Article
- Protein Vaccination Directs the CD4Journal of virology · 2019Article
- The Way Forward: Potentiating Protective Immunity to Novel and Pandemic Influenza Through Engagement of Memory CD4 T Cells.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2019Article
- Differences in the influenza-specific CD4 T cell immunodominance hierarchy and functional potential between children and young adults.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Prime-pull vaccination with a plant-derived virus-like particle influenza vaccine elicits a broad immune response and protects aged mice from death and frailty after challenge.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2019Article
- Editorial: Orchestration of an Immune Response to Respiratory Pathogens.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Article
- Imprinting and Editing of the Human CD4 T Cell Response to Influenza Virus.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Article
- Distinct and complementary roles of CD4 T cells in protective immunity to influenza virus.Current opinion in immunology · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Influenza viral evolution presents a formidable challenge to vaccination due to the virus' ability to rapidly mutate to evade immune responses. Live influenza infections generate large and diverse CD4 effector T cell responses that yield highly protective, long-lasting CD4 T cell memory that can target conserved viral epitopes. We review advances in our understanding of mechanisms involved in generating CD4 T cell responses against the influenza A virus (IAV), focusing on specialized follicular helper (TFH) and CD4 cytotoxic (ThCTL) effector subsets and on CD4 T cell memory. We also discuss two recent findings in context of enhancing vaccine responses. First, helper T cells require priming with APC secreting high levels of IL-6. Second, the transition of IAV-generated effectors to memory depends on IL-2, costimulation and antigen signals, just before effectors reach peak numbers, defined as the "memory checkpoint." The need for these signals during the checkpoint could explain why many current influenza vaccines are poorly effective and elicit poor cellular immunity. We suggest that CD4 memory generation can be enhanced by re-vaccinating at this time. Our best hope lies in a universal vaccine that will not need to be formulated yearly against seasonal antigenically novel influenza strains and will also be protective against a pandemic strain. We suggest a vaccine approach that elicits a powerful T cell response, by initially inducing high levels of APC activation and later providing antigen at the memory checkpoint, may take us a step closer to such a universal influenza vaccine.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.