ArticleSchizophrenia research and treatment2016
Influence of Antipsychotic and Anticholinergic Loads on Cognitive Functions in Patients with Schizophrenia.
Article in Schizophrenia research and treatment, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Biomarkers of neurodegeneration in schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ mental health · 2024Pooled it
- Anticholinergic burden for prediction of cognitive decline or neuropsychiatric symptoms in older adults with mild cognitive impairment or dementia.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Anticholinergic Burden and Cognitive Performance in Patients With Schizophrenia: A Systematic Literature Review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- [Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder : Treatment of cognitive impairments].Der Nervenarzt · 2018Pooled it
- Article
- Negative association between cognitive functioning and antipsychotic DPsychological medicine · 2026Article
- Machine learning helps predict early onset psychosis with serum protein biomarkers, neuropsychometry, and clinicodemographic data.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Drug-Induced Cognitive Impairment.Drug safety · 2025Review
- Impact of Anticholinergic Burden on Cognitive Functions in Individuals with Bipolar Disorder, Schizoaffective Disorder, and Schizophrenia.Clinical psychopharmacology and neuroscience : the official scientific journal of the Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2025Article
- Virtual nurse support to enhance antipsychotic adherence in schizophrenia: A South African perspective.The South African journal of psychiatry : SAJP : the journal of the Society of Psychiatrists of South Africa · 2025Article
- Anticholinergic load: A commonly neglected and preventable risk to cognition during schizophrenia treatment?Schizophrenia research. Cognition · 2024Article
- Human iN neuronal model of schizophrenia displays dysregulation of chromogranin B and related neuropeptide transmitter signatures.Molecular psychiatry · 2024Article
- Effects of Anticholinergic Burden on Verbal Memory Performance in First-Episode Psychosis.Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie · 2023Article
- Domain-Specific Cognitive Impairment Reflects Prefrontal Dysfunction in Aged Common Marmosets.eNeuro · 2023Article
- Domain-specific cognitive impairment reflects prefrontal dysfunction in aged common marmosets.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Effects of antipsychotic and anticholinergic medications on cognition in chronic patients with schizophrenia.BMC psychiatry · 2023Article
- Second to none: rationale, timing, and clinical management of clozapine use in schizophrenia.Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology · 2023Review
- The Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Nuclei and Their Relevance to Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Review
- Nature and Correlates of Executive Dysfunction in Schizophrenia: An Exploratory Study.Indian journal of psychological medicine · 2021Article
- Cerebral blood flow responses during prosaccade and antisaccade preparation in major depression.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Many patients with schizophrenia show cognitive impairment. There is evidence that, beyond a certain dose of antipsychotic medication, the antipsychotic daily dose (ADD) may impair cognitive performance. Parallel to their D2 receptor antagonism, many antipsychotics show a significant binding affinity to cholinergic muscarinic receptors. Pharmacological treatment with a high anticholinergic daily dose (CDD) significantly impairs attention and memory performance. To examine the relationships between individual cognitive performance and ADD and/or CDD, we conducted a retrospective record-based analysis of a sample of n = 104 in patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, all of whom had completed a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery. To calculate the individual ADD and CDD, the medication at the time of testing was converted according to equivalence models. After extracting five principal cognitive components, we examined the impact of ADD and CDD on cognitive performance in the medicated sample and subgroups using multiple regression analysis. Finally, locally weighted scatterplot smoothing (Loess) was applied to further explore the course of cognitive performance under increasing dosage. Results showed significant negative effects of ADD on performance in tests of information processing speed and verbal memory. No effects were found for CDD. The potential neuropsychopharmacological and clinical implications are discussed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.