ArticleJournal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism2017
High-mobility group box 1 is an important mediator of microglial activation induced by cortical spreading depression.
Article in Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- Imaging the inflammatory phenotype in migraine.The journal of headache and pain · 2022Pooled it
- [Advances in innate immune-mediated neuroinflammatory mechanisms of migraine].Zhejiang da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Zhejiang University. Medical sciences · 2026Review
- Targeting glial-orchestrated neuroinflammation in migraine pathophysiology.The journal of headache and pain · 2026Review
- Spreading depolarization activates the cGAS-STING pathway and drives cranial nociception: therapeutic potential of STING modulation.The journal of headache and pain · 2026Article
- Oxymatrine-associated protection in an MPTP mouse model is accompanied by increased miR-141-3p and reduced HMGB1.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2026Article
- Spreading depolarization as a therapeutic target in migraine.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2025Review
- Spreading depolarization triggers pro- and anti-inflammatory signalling: a potential link to headache.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2025Article
- Signs of Cortical Inflammation in Migraine Measured with Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Registry for Migraine (REFORM) Study.Annals of neurology · 2025Article
- The properties of TREM1 and its emerging role in pain-related diseases.Molecular brain · 2025Review
- The link between spreading depolarization and innate immunity in the central nervous system.The journal of headache and pain · 2025Review
- No association between migraine and HLA alleles in a cohort of 13,210 individuals with migraine from the Danish Blood Donor Study.Headache · 2025Article
- Neuroprotective Potential of Glycyrrhizic Acid in Ischemic Stroke: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Prospects.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Neuroimmune interactions in the development and chronification of migraine headache.Trends in neurosciences · 2024Review
- Unraveling the interplay of neuroinflammatory signaling between parenchymal and meningeal cells in migraine headache.The journal of headache and pain · 2024Review
- TLR2 Mediates Microglial Activation and Contributes to Central Sensitization in a Recurrent Nitroglycerin-induced Chronic Migraine Model.Molecular neurobiology · 2024Article
- The HMGB1-RAGE axis in nucleus accumbens facilitates cocaine-induced conditioned place preference via modulating microglial activation.Brain and behavior · 2024Article
- High Mobility Group Box 1 Levels as an Inflammatory Mediator in Bipolar Mania.Noro psikiyatri arsivi · 2024Article
- Vesicular HMGB1 release from neurons stressed with spreading depolarization enables confined inflammatory signaling to astrocytes.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2023Article
- HMGB1 in depression: An overview of microglial HMBG1 in the pathogenesis of depression.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2023Review
- Review
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Single episodes of cortical spreading depression (CSD) are believed to cause typical migraine aura, whereas clusters of spreading depolarizations have been observed in cerebral ischemia and subarachnoid hemorrhage. We recently demonstrated that the release of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) from cortical neurons after CSD in a rodent model is dependent on the number of CSD episodes, such that only multiple CSD episodes can induce significant HMGB1 release. Here, we report that only multiple CSD inductions caused microglial hypertrophy (activation) accompanied by a greater impact on the transcription activity of the HMGB1 receptor genes, TLR2 and TLR4, while the total number of cortical microglia was not affected. Both an HMGB1-neurtalizing antibody and the HMGB1 inhibitor glycyrrhizin abrogated multiple CSD-induced microglial hypertrophy. Moreover, multiple CSD inductions failed to induce microglial hypertrophy in TLR2/4 double knockout mice. These results strongly implicate the HMGB1-TLR2/4 axis in the activation of microglia following multiple CSD inductions. Increased expression of the lysosomal acid hydrolase cathepsin D was detected in activated microglia by immunostaining, suggesting that lysosomal phagocytic activity may be enhanced in multiple CSD-activated microglia.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.