Evidence map›Paper›PMID 27141438›Full record

ArticleInternational journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife2016

Detection and characterization of diverse coccidian protozoa shed by California sea lions.

Yvette A Girard, Christine K Johnson, Heather M Fritz, Karen Shapiro, Andrea E Packham, Ann C Melli, Daphne Carlson-Bremer, Frances M Gulland, Daniel Rejmanek, Patricia A Conrad

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
0.9field-weighted citation impact, top 28% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Metazoan parasites of California sea lions (International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife · 2018
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.

Yvette A GirardKaren C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
Christine K JohnsonKaren C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
Heather M FritzDepartment of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
Karen ShapiroDepartment of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
Andrea E PackhamDepartment of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
Ann C MelliDepartment of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
Daphne Carlson-BremerVanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
Frances M GullandThe Marine Mammal Center, Sausalito, CA, USA.
Daniel RejmanekCalifornia Animal Health and Food Safety, Davis, CA, USA.
Patricia A ConradKaren C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
University of California, Davis · USMarine Mammal Center · USVanderbilt University · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Tissue-cyst forming coccidia in the family Sarcocystidae are etiologic agents of protozoal encephalitis in marine mammals including the federally listed Southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris). California sea lions (Zalophus californianus), whose coastal habitat overlaps with sea otters, are definitive hosts for coccidian protozoa provisionally named Coccidia A, B and C. While Coccidia A and B have unknown clinical effects on aquatic wildlife hosts, Coccidia C is associated with severe protozoal disease in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina). In this study, we conducted surveillance for protozoal infection and fecal shedding in hospitalized and free-ranging California sea lions on the Pacific Coast and examined oocyst morphology and phenotypic characteristics of isolates via mouse bioassay and cell culture. Coccidia A and B were shed in similar frequency, particularly by yearlings. Oocysts shed by one free-ranging sea lion sampled at Año Nuevo State Park in California were previously unidentified in sea lions and were most similar to coccidia infecting Guadalupe fur seals (Arctocephalus townsendi) diagnosed with protozoal disease in Oregon (USA). Sporulated Coccidia A and B oocysts did not replicate in three strains of mice or in African green monkey kidney cells. However, cultivation experiments revealed that the inoculum of fecally-derived Coccidia A and B oocysts additionally contained organisms with genetic and antigenic similarity to Sarcocystis neurona; despite the absence of detectable free sporocysts in fecal samples by microscopic examination. In addition to the further characterization of Coccidia A and B in free-ranging and hospitalized sea lions, these results provide evidence of a new role for sea lions as putative mechanical vectors of S. neurona, or S. neurona-like species. Future work is needed to clarify the distribution, taxonomical status, and pathogenesis of these parasites in sea lions and other marine mammals that share their the near-shore marine environment.

Indexed as

California sea lionsMarine mammalsNeospora sp.SarcocystidaeSarcocystis neuronaTissue cyst-forming coccidia

Identifiers

PMID27141438
PMCPMC4840268
OpenAlexW2186091243

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.