ArticleBMC public health2016
Compliance to the smoke-free law in Guatemala 5-years after implementation.
Article in BMC public health, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Non-compliance with smoke-free law in public places: a systematic review and meta-analysis of global studies.Frontiers in public health · 2024Pooled it
- Effects of tobacco product type and characteristics on appeal and perceived harm: Results from a discrete choice experiment among Guatemalan adolescents.Preventive medicine · 2021Trial
- Monitoring compliance with national smokefree regulations eight months after implementation in Puebla and Aguascalientes, Mexico.Revista panamericana de salud publica = Pan American journal of public health · 2026Article
- Second-Hand Tobacco Smoke Exposure: Results of Particulate Matter (PMInternational journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Chemicals in Cigarette Flavor Capsules From Guatemala and Mexico.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Article
- Changes in substance use among adolescents before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Guatemala.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- First tobacco product tried and current use of cigarettes and electronic cigarettes among adolescents from Guatemala City.Salud publica de Mexico · 2023Article
- A mixed-methods evaluation of the indoor and outdoor smoking ban in dining venues in Armenia: Early successes and challenges.Tobacco induced diseases · 2023Article
- Achievements, challenges, priorities and needs to address the current tobacco epidemic in Latin America.Tobacco control · 2022Article
- Structure, Process, and Mortality Associated with Acute Coronary Syndrome Management in Guatemala's National Healthcare System: The ACS-GT Registry.Global heart · 2022Observational
- The association of workplace smoke-free policies on individual smoking and quitting-related behaviours.BMC public health · 2021Article
- Article
- Implementing smoke-free policies in low- and middle-income countries: A brief review and research agenda.Tobacco induced diseases · 2019Review
- Customers' Perceptions of Compliance with a Tobacco Control Law in Restaurants in Hanoi, Vietnam: A Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2018Article
- Observational
- Adherence to the Tobacco Control Act, 2007: presence of a workplace policy on tobacco use in bars and restaurants in Nairobi, Kenya.BMJ open · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSmoke-free environments decrease smoking prevalence and consequently the incidence of heart disease and lung cancer. Due to issues related to poor enforcement, scant data is currently available from low/middle income countries on the long-term compliance to smoke-free laws. In 2006, high levels of secondhand smoke (SHS) were found in bars and restaurants in Guatemala City. Six months after a smoking ban was implemented in 2009, levels significantly decreased. However, in 2010, poor law compliance was observed. Therefore, we sought to assess long-term compliance to the ban using SHS measurements.
methodsIn 2014 we assessed SHS exposure using airborne nicotine monitors in bars (n = 9) and restaurants (n = 12) for 7 days using the same protocol as in 2006 and in 2009. Nicotine was measured using gas-chromatography (μg/m(3)) and compared to levels pre- (2006) and post-ban (2009). Employees responded to a survey about SHS exposure, perceived economic impact of the ban and customers' electronic cigarette use. In addition, we estimated the fines that could have been collected for each law infringement.
resultsMost (71 %) venues still have a smoking section, violating the law. The percentage of samples with detectable nicotine concentrations was 100, 85 and 43 % in 2006, 2009 and 2014, respectively. In bars, median (25(th) and 75(th) percentiles) nicotine concentrations were 4.58 μg/m(3) (1.71, 6.45) in 2006, 0.28 (0.17, 0.66) in 2009, and 0.59 (0.01, 1.45) in 2014. In restaurants, the corresponding medians were 0.58 μg/m(3) (0.44, 0.71), 0.04 (0.01, 0.11), and 0.01 (0.01, 0.09). Support for the law continues to be high (88 %) among bar and restaurant employees. Most employees report no economic impact of the law and that a high proportion of customers (78 %) use e-cigarettes. A total of US$50,012 could have been collected in fines.
conclusionsLong-term compliance to the smoking ban in Guatemala is decreasing. Additional research that evaluates the determinants of non-compliance is needed and could also contribute to improve enforcement and implementation of the smoke-free law in Guatemala.
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