SynthesisInternational ophthalmology2017
The association between cigarette smoking and primary open-angle glaucoma: a systematic review.
Synthesis in International ophthalmology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 66 citations in OpenAlex.
- Global mortality of glaucoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies.International ophthalmology · 2026Pooled it
- Tobacco smoking is not associated with primary open-angle glaucoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International ophthalmology · 2026Pooled it
- Evaluation of the Observational Associations and Shared Genetics Between Glaucoma With Depression and Anxiety.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2024Pooled it
- Cannabis use and the risk of primary open-angle glaucoma: a Mendelian randomization study.Scientific reports · 2023Pooled it
- Modifiable factors in the management of glaucoma: a systematic review of current evidence.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2017Pooled it
- Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet by Greek Patients With Glaucoma: An Observational Study.Cureus · 2026Article
- Knowledge and Awareness of Glaucoma Among Medical Students in Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia.Cureus · 2025Article
- Sex-Specific Multimorbidity-Multibehaviour Patterns in Primary Care Populations.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Observational
- Evaluating vitamin C-related gene-environment and metabolite-environment interaction effects on intraocular pressure in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging.BMC genomic data · 2025Article
- Candidate SNP Markers Significantly Altering the Affinity of the TATA-Binding Protein for the Promoters of Human Genes Associated with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Social history and glaucoma progression: the effect of body mass index, tobacco and alcohol consumption on the rates of structural change in patients with glaucoma.The British journal of ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Former smoking as a risk factor for visual field progression in exfoliation glaucoma patients in Sweden.European journal of ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Association of smoking cessation patterns and untreated smoking with glaucoma, cataract, and macular degeneration: a population-based retrospective study.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- The risk of open angle glaucoma in young adults with allergic diseases: a Nationwide cohort study.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Postmortem Analysis of Optic Nerve Head Vascularization in an Individual With Glaucoma.Cureus · 2024Article
- Smoking, Corneal Biomechanics, and Glaucoma: Results From Two Large Population-Based Cohorts.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2024Article
- Towards modifying the genetic predisposition for glaucoma: An overview of the contribution and interaction of genetic and environmental factors.Molecular aspects of medicine · 2023Review
- Smoking, alcohol consumption and corneal biomechanical parameters among Chinese university students.Eye (London, England) · 2023Article
- Article
- Association of glaucoma and lifestyle with incident cardiovascular disease: a longitudinal prospective study from UK Biobank.Scientific reports · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Glaucoma is one of the most common causes of irreversible blindness, globally. Findings from the Blue Mountain Eye Study suggest a moderate positive association between smoking and increased IOP (a significant risk factor for glaucoma). The previous two reviews investigating the association between smoking and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) show inconsistent findings and do not include recent studies investigating the dose-response effect of smoking. The current study aims to conduct an up-to-date, comprehensive evaluation of the existing literature. Identification of relevant existing literature was performed by an online search in MEDLINE for studies published from 1st January 1946 to 5th February 2015. The MESH headings (keywords) included "open-angle glaucoma" and "cigarette" or "smoking" or "tobacco". Two independent reviewers assessed the eligibility of each report based on predefined inclusion criteria. Odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CIs) were obtained from studies, for the change in risk of glaucoma due to both past and current smoking. Of the 26 abstracts reviewed, 17 papers were included in the final analysis. Nine of these were case-control studies, five cohort studies and three cross-sectional in design. Six of the case-control studies found a positive association between smoking and POAG, unlike the remaining studies. However, two relatively recent, large studies (including one prospective cohort study) investigating the effect of smoking dose have found a significant increase in risk of POAG in very heavy smokers. There is limited evidence for a causal association between tobacco smoking and POAG. The evidence for a link between current smoking and POAG appears stronger than that of past smoking, but recent studies suggest that heavy smoking may increase the risk of POAG. Future studies must further investigate the possible positive association between heavy smoking and POAG by stratifying participants by pack years and age.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.