ArticlePloS one2016
Skatole (3-Methylindole) Is a Partial Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Agonist and Induces CYP1A1/2 and CYP1B1 Expression in Primary Human Hepatocytes.
Article in PloS one, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Associations Between Gut Microbiota and Fecal Semiochemical and Metabolic Profiles in Sows During the Periparturient Period.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Indole-3-Acetic Acid and Skatole Exert Opposing Effects on MDR1 Proteostasis in Human Colonic Epithelial Cells: A Molecular Basis for the Gut Microbial Metabolic Switch.Journal of xenobiotics · 2026Article
- Article
- Exploring the biological impact of bacteria-derived indole compounds on human cell health: Cytotoxicity and cell proliferation across six cell lines.Toxicology reports · 2025Article
- Single-Enzyme Conversion of Tryptophan to Skatole and Cyanide Expands the Mechanistic Competence of Diiron Oxidases.Journal of the American Chemical Society · 2025Article
- Olsenella scatoligenes-derived skatole promotes smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration to aggravate atherosclerosis.The ISME journal · 2025Article
- Tryptophan metabolism as a target in gut microbiota, ageing and kidney disease.International journal of biological sciences · 2025Review
- Redefining Roles: A Paradigm Shift in Tryptophan-Kynurenine Metabolism for Innovative Clinical Applications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- The microbiota-dependent tryptophan metabolite alleviates high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance through the hepatic AhR/TSC2/mTORC1 axis.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Aryl hydrocarbon receptor: current perspectives on key signaling partners and immunoregulatory role in inflammatory diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Natural Product Skatole Ameliorates Lipotoxicity-Induced Multiple Hepatic Damage under Hyperlipidemic Conditions in Hepatocytes.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Mixture Effects of Tryptophan Intestinal Microbial Metabolites on Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- High-fat diet and alcohol induced-mice could cause colonic injury through molecular mechanisms of endogenous toxins.Toxicology research · 2022Article
- Mechanistic Studies of a Skatole-Forming Glycyl Radical Enzyme Suggest Reaction Initiation via Hydrogen Atom Transfer.Journal of the American Chemical Society · 2022Article
- Ongoing Clinical Trials in Aging-Related Tissue Fibrosis and New Findings Related to AhR Pathways.Aging and disease · 2022Review
- Effects of Crocodile Oil (Veterinary medicine international · 2022Article
- Diverse roles of microbial indole compounds in eukaryotic systems.Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · 2021Review
- Primary hepatocytes isolated from human and porcine donors display similar patterns of cytochrome p450 expression following exposure to prototypical activators of AhR, CAR and PXR.Current research in toxicology · 2021Article
- The aryl hydrocarbon receptor as a mediator of host-microbiota interplay.Gut microbes · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Skatole (3-methylindole) is a product of bacterial fermentation of tryptophan in the intestine. A significant amount of skatole can also be inhaled during cigarette smoking. Skatole is a pulmonary toxin that induces the expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) regulated genes, such as cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1), in human bronchial cells. The liver has a high metabolic capacity for skatole and is the first organ encountered by the absorbed skatole; however, the effect of skatole in the liver is unknown. Therefore, we investigated the impact of skatole on hepatic AhR activity and AhR-regulated gene expression. Using reporter gene assays, we showed that skatole activates AhR and that this is accompanied by an increase of CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 expression in HepG2-C3 and primary human hepatocytes. Specific AhR antagonists and siRNA-mediated AhR silencing demonstrated that skatole-induced CYP1A1 expression is dependent on AhR activation. The effect of skatole was reduced by blocking intrinsic cytochrome P450 activity and indole-3-carbinole, a known skatole metabolite, was a more potent inducer than skatole. Finally, skatole could reduce TCDD-induced CYP1A1 expression, suggesting that skatole is a partial AhR agonist. In conclusion, our findings suggest that skatole and its metabolites affect liver homeostasis by modulating the AhR pathway.
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