Evidence map›Paper›PMID 27135858›Full record

ArticleNature materials2016

Tuning hardness in calcite by incorporation of amino acids.

Yi-Yeoun Kim, Joseph D Carloni, Beatrice Demarchi, David Sparks, David G Reid, Miki E Kunitake, Chiu C Tang, Melinda J Duer, Colin L Freeman, Boaz Pokroy and 5 more

Abstract read
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nature materials, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 69 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
69citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

69 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Review
  4. Review
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Impact of MgProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025
    Article
  8. Classical View on Nonclassical Crystal Growth in a Biological Setting.Journal of the American Chemical Society · 2025
    Review
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Review
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Review

9 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Yi-Yeoun KimSchool of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-8503-4554
Joseph D CarloniDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, 214 Bard Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
Beatrice DemarchiBioArCh, Departments of Chemistry and Archaeology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.
David SparksDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
David G ReidDepartment of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
Miki E KunitakeDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, 214 Bard Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
Chiu C TangDiamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK.
Melinda J DuerDepartment of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
Colin L FreemanDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
Boaz PokroyDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
Kirsty PenkmanBioArCh, Departments of Chemistry and Archaeology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.
John H HardingDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
Lara A EstroffDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, 214 Bard Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
Shefford P BakerDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, 214 Bard Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
Fiona C MeldrumSchool of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.

Funding

European Research Council 336077
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Structural biominerals are inorganic/organic composites that exhibit remarkable mechanical properties. However, the structure-property relationships of even the simplest building unit-mineral single crystals containing embedded macromolecules-remain poorly understood. Here, by means of a model biomineral made from calcite single crystals containing glycine (0-7 mol%) or aspartic acid (0-4 mol%), we elucidate the origin of the superior hardness of biogenic calcite. We analysed lattice distortions in these model crystals by using X-ray diffraction and molecular dynamics simulations, and by means of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance show that the amino acids are incorporated as individual molecules. We also demonstrate that nanoindentation hardness increased with amino acid content, reaching values equivalent to their biogenic counterparts. A dislocation pinning model reveals that the enhanced hardness is determined by the force required to cut covalent bonds in the molecules.

Identifiers

PMID27135858

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.