Observational studyAmerican journal of respiratory and critical care medicine2016
Nasopharyngeal Microbiota, Host Transcriptome, and Disease Severity in Children with Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection.
Observational study in American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05017519 (Epidemiology and Transmission of Streptococcus Pneumoniae and Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Children and Elderly), which is not on this map. Cited by 242 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Epidemiology and Transmission of Streptococcus Pneumoniae and Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Children and Elderly: a Household-based Prospective Cohort Study
Who cites it
242 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 446 citations in OpenAlex.
- A consensus immune dysregulation framework for sepsis and critical illnesses.Nature medicine · 2025Guideline
- Systemic cytokines drive conserved severity-associated myeloid responses across bacterial and viral infections.Communications biology · 2025Pooled it
- Research hotspots and global trends in respiratory syncytial virus over past five years.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Pooled it
- Respiratory and Gut Microbiome Modification during Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection: A Systematic Review.Viruses · 2024Pooled it
- Transcript host-RNA signatures to discriminate bacterial and viral infections in febrile children.Pediatric research · 2022Pooled it
- A Meta-Analysis of Multiple Whole Blood Gene Expression Data Unveils a Diagnostic Host-Response Transcript Signature for Respiratory Syncytial Virus.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Pooled it
- The Commensal Microbiota and Viral Infection: A Comprehensive Review.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Pooled it
- Interactions between live attenuated influenza vaccine and nasopharyngeal microbiota among children aged 24-59 months in The Gambia: a phase 4, open-label, randomised controlled trial.The Lancet. Microbe · 2025Trial
- The association between pneumococcal vaccination, ethnicity, and the nasopharyngeal microbiota of children in Fiji.Microbiome · 2019Trial
- Alterations of the host-lung microbiome metasystem in systemic inflammatory response syndrome is associated with secondary pneumonia.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- Pharyngeal Microenvironment Associated with Human Rhinovirus Infection in Children: Insights from Metatranscriptomic Sequencing.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2026Article
- Factors influencing preterm infant microbiota and their role in wheezing development.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Age-related pharyngeal microbiome and host transcriptomic signatures underlying fever responses in RSV bronchiolitis.Virologica Sinica · 2026Article
- Innate airway responses shape permissiveness to human respiratory syncytial virus.Virus research · 2026Article
- Metatranscriptomics uncovers host immune and microbiome signatures specific to and shared between human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus infections in children.Virologica Sinica · 2026Article
- Article
- Prospective multicentre study of upper respiratory mucosal transcriptomics reveals two major endotypes of critically ill COVID-19 patients.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- RSV-NTHi Co-Infection Skews Host Immunity by Suppressing Type I IFN Responses and Enhancing Pro-Inflammatory Responses.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
- Nasopharyngeal Microbiota in South African Infants With Lower Respiratory Tract Infection: A Nested Case-Control Study of the Drakenstein Child Health Study.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
182 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
rationaleRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections and hospitalizations in infants worldwide. Known risk factors, however, incompletely explain the variability of RSV disease severity, especially among healthy children. We postulate that the severity of RSV infection is influenced by modulation of the host immune response by the local bacterial ecosystem.
objectivesTo assess whether specific nasopharyngeal microbiota (clusters) are associated with distinct host transcriptome profiles and disease severity in children less than 2 years of age with RSV infection.
methodsWe characterized the nasopharyngeal microbiota profiles of young children with mild and severe RSV disease and healthy children by 16S-rRNA sequencing. In parallel, using multivariable models, we analyzed whole-blood transcriptome profiles to study the relationship between microbial community composition, the RSV-induced host transcriptional response, and clinical disease severity. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN
resultsWe identified five nasopharyngeal microbiota clusters characterized by enrichment of either Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus, Corynebacterium, Moraxella, or Staphylococcus aureus. RSV infection and RSV hospitalization were positively associated with H. influenzae and Streptococcus and negatively associated with S. aureus abundance, independent of age. Children with RSV showed overexpression of IFN-related genes, independent of the microbiota cluster. In addition, transcriptome profiles of children with RSV infection and H. influenzae- and Streptococcus-dominated microbiota were characterized by greater overexpression of genes linked to Toll-like receptor and by neutrophil and macrophage activation and signaling.
conclusionsOur data suggest that interactions between RSV and nasopharyngeal microbiota might modulate the host immune response, potentially affecting clinical disease severity.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.