ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2016
Interleukin 6 Is a Stronger Predictor of Clinical Events Than High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein or D-Dimer During HIV Infection.
Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 86 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
86 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 126 citations in OpenAlex.
- Inflammatory Biomarkers Predicting Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in People Living With HIV: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Comparable Inflammatory and Metabolic Outcomes After Switching to Bictegravir/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Alafenamide Versus Continuing Dolutegravir/Lamivudine in Virologically Suppressed Adults With HIV (INSTINCT/GESIDA10918 Study).Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Trial
- Patterns of Immune Activation in HIV and Non HIV Subjects and Its Relation to Cardiovascular Disease Risk.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Trial
- Role of Inflammatory Biomarkers in the Prevalence and Incidence of Hypertension Among HIV-Positive Participants in the START Trial.American journal of hypertension · 2020Trial
- Incomplete ART adherence is associated with higher inflammation in individuals who achieved virologic suppression in the START study.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2019Trial
- Serum Albumin as a Prognostic Marker for Serious Non-AIDS Endpoints in the Strategic Timing of Antiretroviral Treatment (START) Study.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2018Trial
- Inflammation-Related Morbidity and Mortality Among HIV-Positive Adults: How Extensive Is It?Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2018Trial
- Trial
- Major ECG abnormalities and risk of incident cardiovascular disease in people with HIV compared to people without HIV.AIDS (London, England) · 2026Article
- Host Genetic Regulation of NLRP3 Inflammasome Cytokines Reveals Immune and Vascular Pathways in HIV.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Inflammatory responses in HIV-1 genetic subtypes in relationship with anti-retroviral drug resistance in Minna, Niger State, North Central Nigeria.BMC immunology · 2026Article
- Serum Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-10 levels in people living with HIV on short-term and long-term antiretroviral therapy: a comparative cross-sectional study with HIV-negative controls.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Monocytes in HIV associated atherosclerosis: A review of pathogenesis and clinical implications.Caspian journal of internal medicine · 2026Review
- Article
- NEUROCOGNITION, PLASMA LEVEL OF TUMOUR NECROSIS FACTORRELATED APOPTOSIS INDUCING LIGAND (TRAIL), AND PHAGOCYTIC ACTIVITY IN HIV PATIENTS ON LONG-TERM ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY.Annals of Ibadan postgraduate medicine · 2025Article
- A multi-trait epigenome-wide association study identified DNA methylation signature of inflammation among men with HIV.Clinical epigenetics · 2024Article
- Early inflammation as a footprint of increased mortality risk in infants living with HIV from three African countries.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Torque teno virus: a potential marker of immune reconstitution in youths with vertically acquired HIV.Scientific reports · 2024Observational
- Article
26 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 7 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundInterleukin 6 (IL-6), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), and D-dimer levels are linked to adverse outcomes in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, but the strength of their associations with different clinical end points warrants investigation.
methodsParticipants receiving standard of care in 2 HIV trials with measured biomarker levels were followed to ascertain all-cause death, non-AIDS-related death, AIDS, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and non-AIDS-defining malignancies. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of each end point for quartiles and log2-transformed IL-6, hsCRP, and D-dimer levels were calculated using Cox models. Marginal models modelling multiple events tested for equal effects of biomarker levels on different end points.
resultsAmong 4304 participants, there were 157 all-cause deaths, 117 non-AIDS-related deaths, 101 AIDS cases, 121 CVD cases, and 99 non-AIDS-defining malignancies. IL-6 was more strongly associated with most end points, compared with hsCRP. IL-6 appeared to be a stronger predictor than D-dimer for CVD and non-AIDS-defining malignancies, but 95% CIs overlapped. Independent associations of IL-6 were stronger for non-AIDS-related death (HR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.43-2.04) and all-cause death (HR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.33-1.84) and similar for CVD (HR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.12-1.62) and non-AIDS-defining malignancies (HR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.06-1.61). There was heterogeneity of IL-6 (P < .001) but not hsCRP (P = .15) or D-dimer (P = .20) as a predictor for different end points.
conclusionsIL-6 is a stronger predictor of fatal events than of CVD and non-AIDS-defining malignancies. Adjuvant antiinflammatory and antithrombotic therapies should be tested in HIV-infected individuals.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.