ArticleJournal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology2016
Bacterial and viral co-infections complicating severe influenza: Incidence and impact among 507 U.S. patients, 2013-14.
Article in Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04896866 (Efficacy and Safety of Antimicrobial Stewardship Intervention in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients), which is not on this map. Cited by 60 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Efficacy and Safety of Antimicrobial Stewardship Intervention in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Pragmatic Clinical Trial
Who cites it
60 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 120 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis (November 2019-June 2021).Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2022Pooled it
- Bacterial co-infection and secondary infection in patients with COVID-19: a living rapid review and meta-analysis.Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases · 2020Pooled it
- Prevalence and Outcomes of Bacterial Co-detections by Blood Culture Among Children and Adults Hospitalized With Laboratory-confirmed Influenza, Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network, 2022-2024.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- Bacterial colonization of the respiratory tract in COVID-19 patients: potential source of bacterial infection.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Efficacy of Adding Intravenous Methylprednisolone to Nebulized Budesonide in RSV Pneumonia: Modification by Bacterial Co-Infection - A Retrospective Cohort Study.Pediatric health, medicine and therapeutics · 2026Article
- Length of stay, duration of mechanical ventilation, mortality, and acute kidney injury in acute respiratory failure requiring endotracheal intubation.World journal of critical care medicine · 2025Article
- Clinical characteristics analysis and prediction model construction for pediatric influenza virus pneumonia complicated by bacterial infection.Translational pediatrics · 2025Article
- An anti-complement homogeneous polysaccharide fromActa pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2025Article
- Timing of Influenza Antiviral Therapy and Risk of Death in Adults Hospitalized With Influenza-Associated Pneumonia, Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network (FluSurv-NET), 2012-2019.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Article
- Characteristics of adults with influenza A virus pneumonia and co-infections identified by mNGS in Jilin, China during 2024-2025.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Clinical management of sepsis-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome: current evidence and future directions.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Review
- Patients with influenza admitted to a tertiary-care hospital in Riyadh between 2018 and 2022: characteristics, outcomes and factors associated with ICU admission and mortality.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2024Article
- The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Staphylococcus aureus infections in pediatric patients admitted with community acquired pneumonia.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- IL-10 Counteracts IFN-γ to Alleviate Acute Lung Injury in a Viral-Bacterial Superinfection Model.American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology · 2024Article
- Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccination and Early Antiviral Treatment in Reducing Pneumonia Risk in Severe Influenza Cases.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Bacterial infections in patients with COVID-19: the impact of procalcitonin testing on antibiotics prescription in the real world.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Bacterial co-infections and secondary infections and their antimicrobial resistance in Covid-19 patients during the second pandemic wave.GMS hygiene and infection control · 2024Article
- Impact of respiratory bacterial infections on mortality in Japanese patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2023Article
- Bacterial and viral infections among adults hospitalized with COVID-19, COVID-NET, 14 states, March 2020-April 2022.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2023Article
- The impact of bacterial superinfections on the outcome of critically ill patients with COVID-19 associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) - a single-centre, observational cohort study.Anaesthesiology intensive therapy · 2023Observational
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
46 authors at 20 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundInfluenza acts synergistically with bacterial co-pathogens. Few studies have described co-infection in a large cohort with severe influenza infection.
objectivesTo describe the spectrum and clinical impact of co-infections. STUDY
designRetrospective cohort study of patients with severe influenza infection from September 2013 through April 2014 in intensive care units at 33 U.S. hospitals comparing characteristics of cases with and without co-infection in bivariable and multivariable analysis.
resultsOf 507 adult and pediatric patients, 114 (22.5%) developed bacterial co-infection and 23 (4.5%) developed viral co-infection. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common cause of co-infection, isolated in 47 (9.3%) patients. Characteristics independently associated with the development of bacterial co-infection of adult patients in a logistic regression model included the absence of cardiovascular disease (OR 0.41 [0.23-0.73], p=0.003), leukocytosis (>11K/μl, OR 3.7 [2.2-6.2], p<0.001; reference: normal WBC 3.5-11K/μl) at ICU admission and a higher ICU admission SOFA score (for each increase by 1 in SOFA score, OR 1.1 [1.0-1.2], p=0.001). Bacterial co-infections (OR 2.2 [1.4-3.6], p=0.001) and viral co-infections (OR 3.1 [1.3-7.4], p=0.010) were both associated with death in bivariable analysis. Patients with a bacterial co-infection had a longer hospital stay, a longer ICU stay and were likely to have had a greater delay in the initiation of antiviral administration than patients without co-infection (p<0.05) in bivariable analysis.
conclusionsBacterial co-infections were common, resulted in delay of antiviral therapy and were associated with increased resource allocation and higher mortality.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.