SynthesisSocial psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology2016
Defining and distinguishing promotive and protective effects for childhood externalizing psychopathology: a systematic review.
Synthesis in Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Neighborhood collective efficacy and children and adolescents' externalizing behaviors across development: A systematic review.PloS one · 2026Pooled it
- Gene-Environment Interplay Beyond Interactions: Psychosocial Environments Mediate Genetic Effects Underlying Externalizing-Behavior Trajectories.Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2026Article
- Can a warm and supportive adult protect against mental health problems amongst children with experience of adversity? A twin-differences study.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2025Article
- Testing whether multi-level factors protect poly-victimised children against psychopathology in early adulthood: a longitudinal cohort study.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2024Article
- High resting heart rate protects against the intergenerational transmission of antisocial behavior: a birth cohort study.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2024Article
- Self-Reported Adverse Childhood Experiences and Risk for Internalizing and Externalizing Difficulties among Adolescent Custodial Grandchildren.Journal of child and family studies · 2024Article
- Caregiver adverse childhood experiences and preschool externalizing problems: The role of factors that contribute to caregiver resilience.Child abuse & neglect · 2024Article
- Maternal stress, child behavior and the promotive role of older siblings.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Article
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health and Resilience-Focussed Interventions: A Conceptual Analysis to Inform Future Research.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- No man is an island: social resources, stress and mental health at mid-life.The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science · 2020Article
- Psychiatric Impact of Organized and Ritual Child Sexual Abuse: Cross-Sectional Findings from Individuals Who Report Being Victimized.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2018Article
- Dimensions of Peer Influences and Their Relationship to Adolescents' Aggression, Other Problem Behaviors and Prosocial Behavior.Journal of youth and adolescence · 2017Article
- Chilean Adaptation and Validation of the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire-Revised Version.Frontiers in psychology · 2017Article
- Novel methods in psychiatric epidemiology.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeWe examine evidence for whether decreases in externalizing behaviors are driven by the absence of risk (e.g., lack of poor housing quality) or the presence of something positive (e.g., good housing quality). We also review evidence for whether variables have promotive (main) effects or protective (buffering) effects within contexts of risks.
methodsWe conducted a systematic review of longitudinal studies. First, we review studies (n = 7) that trichotomized continuous predictor variables. Trichotomization tests whether the positive end of a variable (e.g., good housing quality) is associated with lower delinquency compared with the mid-range, and whether mid-range scores are associated with fewer problems than the "risky" end (e.g., poor housing quality). We do not review dichotomous variables, because the interpretation of results is the same regardless of which value is the reference group. To address our second aim, we review studies (n = 53) that tested an interaction between a risk and positive factor.
resultsBoth the absence of risk and the presence of positive characteristics were associated with low externalizing problems for IQ, temperament, and some family variables. For other variables, associations with low delinquency involved only the presence of something positive (e.g., good housing quality), or the absence of a risk factor (e.g., community crime). The majority of studies that tested interactions among individual and family characteristics supported protective, rather than promotive, effects. Few studies tested interactions among peer, school, and neighborhood characteristics.
conclusionsWe discuss implications for conceptual understanding of promotive and protective factors and for intervention and prevention strategies.
Indexed as
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.