Evidence map›Paper›PMID 27126489›Full record

ArticleThe lancet. HIV2016

Botswana's progress toward achieving the 2020 UNAIDS 90-90-90 antiretroviral therapy and virological suppression goals: a population-based survey.

Tendani Gaolathe, Kathleen E Wirth, Molly Pretorius Holme, Joseph Makhema, Sikhulile Moyo, Unoda Chakalisa, Etienne Kadima Yankinda, Quanhong Lei, Mompati Mmalane, Vlad Novitsky and 17 more

Registry-linked trialAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in The lancet. HIV, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01965470 (Botswana Combination Prevention Project), which is not on this map. Cited by 158 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
158citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT01965470 phase4completednot on this map

Botswana Combination Prevention Project: -Evaluation Protocol (Protocol #1): Research Design and Impact Evaluation -Closed Clinical Cohort Protocol (Protocol #3) Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation of Combination HIV Prevention Interventions in Rural and Peri-Urban Communities in Botswana

TypeinterventionalSponsorCenters for Disease Control and PreventionRan2013 to 2018ConditionsHIVArmsCombination Prevention, Enhanced Care
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

158 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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  18. Global Measures of HIV Care Accessibility Across Urban, Suburban, and Rural Areas.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2025
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98 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

27 authors.

Tendani GaolatheBotswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.
Kathleen E WirthDepartment of Epidemiology, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
Molly Pretorius HolmeHarvard T H Chan School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
Joseph MakhemaBotswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
Sikhulile MoyoBotswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.
Unoda ChakalisaBotswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.
Etienne Kadima YankindaBotswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.
Quanhong LeiDepartment of Biostatistics, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
Mompati MmalaneBotswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.
Vlad NovitskyBotswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
Lillian OkuiBotswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.
Erik van WidenfeltBotswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.
Kathleen M PowisBotswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Nealia KhanHarvard T H Chan School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
Kara BennettBennett Statistical Consulting, Inc, Ballston Lake, NY, USA.
Hermann BussmannBotswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
Scott Dryden-PetersonBotswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Refeletswe LebelonyaneMinistry of Health, Republic of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
Shenaaz El-HalabiMinistry of Health, Republic of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
Lisa A MillsDivision of Global HIV/AIDS, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
Tafireyi MarukutiraDivision of Global HIV/AIDS, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
Rui WangDepartment of Biostatistics, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Eric J Tchetgen TchetgenDepartment of Epidemiology, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
Victor DeGruttolaDepartment of Biostatistics, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
M EssexBotswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: messex@hsph.harvard.edu.
Shahin LockmanBotswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana; Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Botswana Combination Prevention Project study team

Funding

Methods to Advance the HIV Prevention Research AgendaR37AI051164 · NIAID · HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH · PI DEGRUTTOLA, VICTOR GERARD · 2012 to 2019
$3.3M
CGH CDC HHS U01 GH000447CGH CDC HHS U2G GH001911NIAID NIH HHS R37 AI051164
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundHIV programmes face challenges achieving high rates of HIV testing and treatment needed to optimise health and to reduce transmission. We used data from the Botswana Combination Prevention Project study survey to assess Botswana's progress toward achieving UNAIDS targets for 2020: 90% of all people living with HIV knowing their status, 90% of these receiving sustained antiretroviral therapy (ART), and 90% of those having virological suppression (90-90-90).

methodsA population-based sample of individuals was recruited and interviewed in 30 rural and periurban communities from Oct 30, 2013, to Nov 24, 2015, as part of a large, ongoing community-randomised trial designed to assess the effect of a combination prevention package on HIV incidence. A random sample of about 20% of households in each community was selected. Consenting household residents aged 16-64 years who were Botswana citizens or spouses of citizens responded to a questionnaire and had blood drawn for HIV testing in the absence of documentation of positive HIV status. Viral load testing was done in all HIV-infected participants, irrespective of treatment status. We used modified Poisson generalised estimating equations to obtain prevalence ratios, corresponding Huber robust SEs, and 95% Wald CIs to examine associations between individual sociodemographic factors and a binary outcome indicating achievement of the three individual and combined overall 90-90-90 targets. The study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01965470.

findings81% of enumerated eligible household members took part in the survey (10% refused and 9% were absent). Among 12 610 participants surveyed, 3596 (29%) were infected with HIV, and 2995 (83·3%, 95% CI 81·4-85·2) of these individuals already knew their HIV status. Among those who knew their HIV status, 2617 (87·4%, 95% CI 85·8-89·0) were receiving ART (95% of those eligible by national guidelines, and 73% of all infected people). Of the 2609 individuals receiving ART with a viral load measurement, 2517 (96·5%, 95% CI 96·0-97·0) had viral load of 400 copies per mL or less. Overall, 70·2% (95% CI 67·5-73·0) of HIV-infected people had virological suppression, close to the UNAIDS target of 73%.

interpretationUNAIDS 90-90-90 targets are achievable even in resource-constrained settings with high HIV burden.

fundingUS President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Indexed as

Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly ActiveAdolescentAdultAnti-HIV AgentsBotswanaCommunity Health ServicesFamily CharacteristicsFemaleGoalsHIV InfectionsHumansIncidenceMaleMiddle AgedPrevalenceRNA, ViralAnti-HIV AgentsRNA, Viral

Identifiers

PMID27126489
PMCPMC5146754

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.