ArticleMicrobiology (Reading, England)2016
diskImageR: quantification of resistance and tolerance to antimicrobial drugs using disk diffusion assays.
Article in Microbiology (Reading, England), 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 65 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Parasex generates highly recombinant progeny in Candida albicans with increased virulence.Nature microbiology · 2026Article
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- Migration and standing variation in vaginal and rectal yeast populations in recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis.mSystems · 2025Article
- Aneuploidy confers a unique transcriptional and phenotypic profile to Candida albicans.Nature communications · 2025Article
- The impact of phenotypic heterogeneity on fungal pathogenicity and drug resistance.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- Understanding adaptation to fluconazole: comparative insights into tolerance and resistance inFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Uncovering the connection between tunicamycin-induced respiratory deficiency and reduced fluconazole tolerance inFrontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- Pitavastatin Calcium Confers Fungicidal Properties to Fluconazole by Inhibiting Ubiquinone Biosynthesis and Generating Reactive Oxygen Species.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Approaches for identifying and measuring heteroresistance in azole-susceptibleMicrobiology spectrum · 2024Article
- Miconazole induces aneuploidy-mediated tolerance inFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Article
- Parallel evolution of fluconazole resistance and tolerance inFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Article
- Ketoconazole induces reversible antifungal drug tolerance mediated by trisomy of chromosome R inFrontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Deletion of the Candida albicans TLO gene family results in alterations in membrane sterol composition and fluconazole tolerance.PloS one · 2024Article
- In Vitro Susceptibility Tests in the Context of Antifungal Resistance: Beyond Minimum Inhibitory Concentration inJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Microbial pathogens represent an increasing threat to human health. Although many infections can be successfully treated and cleared, drug resistance is a widespread problem. The existence of subpopulations of 'tolerant' cells (where a fraction of the population is able to grow above the population resistance level) may increase the rate of treatment failure; yet, existing methods to measure subpopulation effects are cumbersome. Here we describe diskImageR, a computational pipeline that analyses photographs of disk diffusion assays to determine the degree of drug susceptibility [the radius of inhibition, (RAD)], and two aspects of subpopulation growth [the fraction of growth (FoG) within the zone of inhibition, (ZOI), and the rate of change in growth from no drug to inhibitory drug concentrations, (SLOPE)]. diskImageR was used to examine the response of the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans to the antifungal drug fluconazole across different strain backgrounds and growth conditions. Disk diffusion assays performed under Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) conditions led to more susceptibility and less tolerance than assays performed using rich medium conditions. We also used diskImageR to quantify the effects of three drugs in combination with fluconazole, finding that all three combinations affected tolerance, with the effect of one drug (doxycycline) being very strain dependent. The three drugs had different effects on susceptibility, with doxycycline generally having no effect, chloroquine generally increasing susceptibility and pyrvinium pamoate generally reducing susceptibility. The ability to simultaneously quantitate different aspects of microbial drug responses will facilitate the study of mechanisms of subpopulation responses in the presence of antimicrobial drugs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.