Evidence map›Paper›PMID 27125368›Full record

ArticleEpidemiology and infection2016

Pooled influenza vaccine effectiveness estimates for Australia, 2012-2014.

S G Sullivan, K S Carville, M Chilver, J E Fielding, K A Grant, H Kelly, A Levy, N P Stocks, S S Tempone, A K Regan

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Epidemiology and infection, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
13citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in Australia During 2017-2019.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2025
    Article
  5. Does the Australian influenza season predict the Canadian influenza season? A qualitative comparison of seasons, 2014-2020.Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada · 2023
    Article
  6. Review
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Low interim influenza vaccine effectiveness, Australia, 1 May to 24 September 2017.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2017
    Article
  12. Review
  13. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

S G SullivanWHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity,Melbourne,Victoria,Australia;
K S CarvilleVictorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity,Melbourne,Victoria,Australia;
M ChilverDiscipline of General Practice,University of Adelaide,Adelaide,South Australia,Australia;
J E FieldingSchool of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne,Victoria,Australia;
K A GrantVictorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity,Melbourne,Victoria,Australia;
H KellySchool of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne,Victoria,Australia;
A LevyPathWest Laboratory Medicine,Perth,Western Australia,Australia;
N P StocksDiscipline of General Practice,University of Adelaide,Adelaide,South Australia,Australia;
S S TemponePathWest Laboratory Medicine,Perth,Western Australia,Australia;
A K ReganSchool of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine,University of Western Australia,Perth,Western Australia,Australia;

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Data were pooled from three Australian sentinel general practice influenza surveillance networks to estimate Australia-wide influenza vaccine coverage and effectiveness against community presentations for laboratory-confirmed influenza for the 2012, 2013 and 2014 seasons. Patients presenting with influenza-like illness at participating GP practices were swabbed and tested for influenza. The vaccination odds of patients testing positive were compared with patients testing negative to estimate influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) by logistic regression, adjusting for age group, week of presentation and network. Pooling of data across Australia increased the sample size for estimation from a minimum of 684 to 3,683 in 2012, from 314 to 2,042 in 2013 and from 497 to 3,074 in 2014. Overall VE was 38% [95% confidence interval (CI) 24-49] in 2012, 60% (95% CI 45-70) in 2013 and 44% (95% CI 31-55) in 2014. For A(H1N1)pdm09 VE was 54% (95% CI-28 to 83) in 2012, 59% (95% CI 33-74) in 2013 and 55% (95% CI 39-67) in 2014. For A(H3N2), VE was 30% (95% CI 14-44) in 2012, 67% (95% CI 39-82) in 2013 and 26% (95% CI 1-45) in 2014. For influenza B, VE was stable across years at 56% (95% CI 37-70) in 2012, 57% (95% CI 30-73) in 2013 and 54% (95% CI 21-73) in 2014. Overall VE against influenza was low in 2012 and 2014 when A(H3N2) was the dominant strain and the vaccine was poorly matched. In contrast, overall VE was higher in 2013 when A(H1N1)pdm09 dominated and the vaccine was a better match. Pooling data can increase the sample available and enable more precise subtype- and age group-specific estimates, but limitations remain.

Indexed as

AdolescentAdultAgedAged, 80 and overAustraliaChildChild, PreschoolFemaleHumansInfantInfant, NewbornInfluenza A Virus, H1N1 SubtypeInfluenza A Virus, H3N2 SubtypeInfluenza B virusInfluenza, HumanInfluenza VaccinesInfluenza VaccinesInfluenzainfluenza-like illnessinfluenza seasoninfluenza vaccinevaccine effectiveness

Identifiers

PMID27125368
PMCPMC9150515

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.