ArticleJournal of experimental psychology. General2016
A comparison of adaptive and fixed schedules of practice.
Article in Journal of experimental psychology. General, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Adaptive training instructional interventions: A meta-analysis.Military psychology : the official journal of the Division of Military Psychology, American Psychological Association · 2025Pooled it
- Modality Matters: Evidence for the Benefits of Speech-Based Adaptive Retrieval Practice in Learners with Dyslexia.Topics in cognitive science · 2025Article
- Adaptively triggered comparisons enhance perceptual category learning: evidence from face learning.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Connecting Adaptive Perceptual Learning and Signal Detection Theory in Skin Cancer Screening.CogSci ... Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Cognitive Science Society (U.S.). Conference · 2023Article
- Multiple expressions of "expert" abnormality gist in novices following perceptual learning.Cognitive research: principles and implications · 2023Article
- An examination of retrieval practice and production training in the treatment of lexical-semantic comprehension deficits in aphasia.Neuropsychology · 2022Article
- Theory-Based Approaches to Support Dermoscopic Image Interpretation Education: A Review of the Literature.Dermatology practical & conceptual · 2022Review
- Comparisons in Adaptive Perceptual Category Learning.CogSci ... Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Cognitive Science Society (U.S.). Conference · 2022Article
- Mastering Electrocardiogram Interpretation Skills Through a Perceptual and Adaptive Learning Module.AEM education and training · 2021Article
- Use of an Adaptive e-Learning Platform as a Formative Assessment Tool in the Cardiovascular System Course Component of an MBBS Programme.Advances in medical education and practice · 2020Article
- The Synergy of Passive and Active Learning Modes in Adaptive Perceptual Learning.CogSci ... Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Cognitive Science Society (U.S.). Conference · 2019Article
- Enhancing human learning via spaced repetition optimization.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2019Article
- Accelerating expertise: Perceptual and adaptive learning technology in medical learning.Medical teacher · 2018Article
- The Use of a Hemodynamic Monitor Perceptual and Adaptive Learning Module to Improve Clinical Interpretation Skills in Anesthesiology Residents.The journal of education in perioperative medicine : JEPMArticle
- Adaptive vs. Fixed Spacing of Learning Items: Evidence from Studies of Learning and Transfer in Chemistry Education.CogSci ... Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Cognitive Science Society (U.S.). ConferenceArticle
- Comparing Adaptive and Random Spacing Schedules during Learning to Mastery Criteria.CogSci ... Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Cognitive Science Society (U.S.). ConferenceArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Understanding and optimizing spacing during learning is a central topic for research in learning and memory and has substantial implications for real-world learning. Spacing memory retrievals across time improves memory relative to massed practice-the well-known spacing effect. Most spacing research has utilized fixed (predetermined) spacing intervals. Some findings indicate advantages of expanding over equal spacing (e.g., Landauer & Bjork, 1978); however, evidence is mixed (e.g., Karpicke & Roediger, 2007), and the field has lacked an integrated explanation. Learning may instead depend on interactions of spacing with an underlying variable of learning strength that varies for learners and items, and it may be better optimized by adaptive adjustments of spacing to learners' ongoing performance. Two studies investigated an adaptive spacing algorithm, Adaptive Response-Time-based Sequencing or ARTS (Mettler, Massey & Kellman, 2011) that uses response-time and accuracy to generate spacing. Experiment 1 compared adaptive scheduling with fixed schedules having either expanding or equal spacing. Experiment 2 compared adaptive schedules to 2 fixed "yoked" schedules that were copied from adaptive participants, equating average spacing across conditions. In both experiments, adaptive scheduling outperformed fixed conditions at immediate and delayed tests of retention. No evidence was found for differences between expanding and equal spacing. Yoked conditions showed that learning gains were due to adaptation to individual items and learners. Adaptive spacing based on ongoing assessments of learning strength yields greater learning gains than fixed schedules, a finding that helps to understand the spacing effect theoretically and has direct applications for enhancing learning in many domains. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.