ReviewJournal of clinical medicine2016
Treatment of Established Status Epilepticus.
Review in Journal of clinical medicine, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Management of the first stage of convulsive status epilepticus in adults: a systematic review of current randomised evidence.Journal of neurology · 2022Pooled it
- Pre-hospital and emergency department treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in adults: an evidence synthesis.Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Clinical Effectiveness of Levetiracetam Compared to Fosphenytoin in the Treatment of Benzodiazepine Refractory Convulsive Status Epilepticus.Indian journal of pediatrics · 2020Trial
- EEG in patients with altered mental status in the emergency department.International journal of emergency medicine · 2026Article
- Real-world Data on Adult Status Epilepticus from Latin America: Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes in a Mexican Tertiary Center.Epilepsy & behavior reports · 2026Article
- Neurosteroid mitigation of developmental neurological dysfunction, long-term epileptic biomarkers, chronic neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration in a pediatric rat model of organophosphate exposure.The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2025Article
- Long-Term Neuropsychiatric Developmental Defects after Neonatal Organophosphate Exposure: Mitigation by Synthetic Neurosteroids.The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2024Article
- Review
- [Paediatric status epilepticus].Revista de neurologia · 2022Review
- Article
- Changes of biochemical biomarkers in the serum of children with convulsion status epilepticus: a prospective study.BMC neurology · 2022Article
- Intravenous and Intramuscular Allopregnanolone for Early Treatment of Status Epilepticus: Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety in Dogs.The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2022Article
- Refractory Epilepsy in a Toddler With PPP2R1A Gene Mutation and Congenital Hydrocephalus.Cureus · 2021Article
- Practical Considerations for Ketogenic Diet in Adults With Super-Refractory Status Epilepticus.Neurology. Clinical practice · 2021Review
- Review
- First-line management of canine status epilepticus at home and in hospital-opportunities and limitations of the various administration routes of benzodiazepines.BMC veterinary research · 2021Review
- Paths to Successful Translation of New Therapies for Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in the Golden Age of Traumatic Brain Injury Research: A Pittsburgh Vision.Journal of neurotrauma · 2020Review
- A Novel Correction Equation Avoids High-Magnitude Errors in Interpreting Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Phenytoin Among Critically Ill Patients.Therapeutic drug monitoring · 2020Article
- Phenobarbital as alternate anticonvulsant for organophosphate-induced benzodiazepine-refractory status epilepticus and neuronal injury.Epilepsia open · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Status epilepticus is the most severe form of epilepsy, with a high mortality rate and high health care costs. Status epilepticus is divided into four stages: early, established, refractory, and super-refractory. While initial treatment with benzodiazepines has become standard of care for early status epilepticus, treatment after benzodiazepine failure (established status epilepticus (ESE)) is incompletely studied. Effective treatment of ESE is critical as morbidity and mortality increases dramatically the longer convulsive status epilepticus persists. Phenytoin/fosphenytoin, valproic acid, levetiracetam, phenobarbital, and lacosamide are the most frequently prescribed antiseizure medications for treatment of ESE. To date there are no class 1 data to support pharmacologic recommendations of one agent over another. We review each of these medications, their pharmacology, the scientific evidence in support and against each in the available literature, adverse effects and safety profiles, dosing recommendations, and limitations of the available evidence. We also discuss future directions including the established status epilepticus treatment trial (ESETT). Substantial further research is urgently needed to identify these patients (particularly those with non-convulsive status epilepticus), elucidate the most efficacious antiseizure treatment with head-to-head randomized prospective trials, and determine whether this differs for convulsive vs. non-convulsive ESE.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.