SynthesisAcademic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges2016
Predictors of Primary Care Physician Practice Location in Underserved Urban or Rural Areas in the United States: A Systematic Literature Review.
Synthesis in Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 110 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
110 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Does State-Level Nurse Practitioner Scope-of-Practice Policy Affect Access to Care?Western journal of nursing research · 2019Pooled it
- Recruiting Rural Healthcare Providers Today: a Systematic Review of Training Program Success and Determinants of Geographic Choices.Journal of general internal medicine · 2018Pooled it
- GP- and practice-related variation in ambulatory sensitive hospitalisations of older primary care patients.BMC family practice · 2020Trial
- Rural Background, Training Exposure, and Rural Practice Location Among US Physicians.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Developing GME in Rural and Underserved Areas: Stories From Each US Census Region.Journal of graduate medical education · 2026Article
- Geographic Access to Dental Specialists in the United States.Journal of dental research · 2026Article
- Comparing medical school strategies to reduce regional physician shortages: lessons from the United States and Japan.BMC medical education · 2026Article
- County-Level Analysis of the Health Impact of Black Physicians in Georgia.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Patient-Provider Concordance Reduces Missed Appointments in Texas Primary Care Safety-Net Clinics.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Spanish-Speaking Resident Physicians in the United States: Aligning Workforce Skill and Population Need.Journal of immigrant and minority health · 2026Article
- From class consciousness to class suicide: considering community integration as a primary care ethic.Family medicine and community health · 2026Article
- Understanding the Supply, Demand, and Adequacy of the General Internal Medicine Physician Workforce in the United States: Projections to 2037.Journal of general internal medicine · 2026Article
- Gaps in artificial intelligence research for rural health in the United States: a scoping review.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA · 2026Article
- Factors Influencing Practice Decisions Among Plastic Surgery Residents and Early-Career Plastic Surgeons in Canada.Plastic surgery (Oakville, Ont.) · 2026Article
- Geographic Trends and Geospatial Analysis of Head and Neck Fellowship-Trained Surgeons.Head & neck · 2026Article
- Physicians shortage in primary care: a protocol for updating a systematic review of recruitment and retention strategies.F1000Research · 2026Article
- Review
- Shifting Career Landscapes: Analyzing the Fall in Physician-Owned Practices.Archives of clinical and medical case reports · 2026Article
- Intention to emigrate after graduation among medical students from two universities in Lima, Peru.PloS one · 2026Article
- Evaluating rural healthcare workforce programs: Applying modified whole-of-person retention improvement framework in VHA programs.The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association · 2026Article
50 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeThe authors conducted a systematic review of the medical literature to determine the factors most strongly associated with localizing primary care physicians (PCPs) in underserved urban or rural areas of the United States.
methodIn November 2015, the authors searched databases (MEDLINE, ERIC, SCOPUS) and Google Scholar to identify published peer-reviewed studies that focused on PCPs and reported practice location outcomes that included U.S. underserved urban or rural areas. Studies focusing on practice intentions, nonphysicians, patient panel composition, or retention/turnover were excluded. They screened 4,130 titles and reviewed 284 full-text articles.
resultsSeventy-two observational or case-control studies met inclusion criteria. These were categorized into four broad themes aligned with prior literature: 19 studies focused on physician characteristics, 13 on financial factors, 20 on medical school curricula/programs, and 20 on graduate medical education (GME) programs. Studies found significant relationships between physician race/ethnicity and language and practice in underserved areas. Multiple studies demonstrated significant associations between financial factors (e.g., debt or incentives) and underserved or rural practice, independent of preexisting trainee characteristics. There was also evidence that medical school and GME programs were effective in training PCPs who locate in underserved areas.
conclusionsBoth financial incentives and special training programs could be used to support trainees with the personal characteristics associated with practicing in underserved or rural areas. Expanding and replicating medical school curricula and programs proven to produce clinicians who practice in underserved urban or rural areas should be a strategic investment for medical education and future research.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.