ArticleBreast cancer research : BCR2016
Immune response in breast cancer brain metastases and their microenvironment: the role of the PD-1/PD-L axis.
Article in Breast cancer research : BCR, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 74 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
74 citing papers in PubMed, 128 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Phase II Study of Atezolizumab, Pertuzumab, and High-Dose Trastuzumab for Central Nervous System Metastases in Patients with HER2-Positive Breast Cancer.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2024Trial
- Phase II study of ipilimumab and nivolumab in leptomeningeal carcinomatosis.Nature communications · 2021Trial
- Single-arm, open-label phase 2 trial of pembrolizumab in patients with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis.Nature medicine · 2020Trial
- Reprogramming Neuroinflammation: Mitochondrial Targets and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Alzheimer's Disease.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Case Report: Interpectoral lymph node metastasis as an indicator of occult breast cancer: a case of double primary malignancy.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology breast cancer expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer brain metastasis (2025).Translational breast cancer research : a journal focusing on translational research in breast cancer · 2026Review
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibition in Patients with Brain Metastases from Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Emerging Mechanisms and Personalized Clinical Strategies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Biological profile of breast cancer brain metastasis.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2025Review
- Divergent Crosstalk Between Microglia and T Cells in Brain Cancers: Implications for Novel Therapeutic Strategies.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Restoring Tamoxifen Sensitivity in Breast Cancer: The Role of lncRNA MALAT1 and NanoCurcumin as Modulators of Drug Resistance.BioMed research international · 2025Article
- Application and prospects of ultrasound combined with immunotherapy in cancer treatment of intensive care.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Evolutionary Trend Analysis of Research on Immunotherapy for Brain Metastasis Based on Machine-Learning Scientometrics.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- The murine metastatic microenvironment of experimental brain metastases of breast cancer differs by host age in vivo: a proteomic study.Clinical & experimental metastasis · 2024Article
- Effect of Topical Programmed Death-Ligand1 on Corneal Epithelium in Dry Eye Mouse.Biomolecules · 2024Article
- Programmed cell death-ligand 2: new insights in cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Harnessing immunotherapy for brain metastases: insights into tumor-brain microenvironment interactions and emerging treatment modalities.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2023Review
- Microglia promote anti-tumour immunity and suppress breast cancer brain metastasis.Nature cell biology · 2023Article
- Article
- The tumor-nerve circuit in breast cancer.Cancer metastasis reviews · 2023Review
- Review
14 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundA better understanding of immune response in breast cancer brain metastases (BCBM) may prompt new preventive and therapeutic strategies.
methodsImmunohistochemical expression of stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs: CD4, CD8, CTLA4), macrophage/microglial cells (CD68), programmed cell death protein 1 receptor (PD-1), programmed cell death protein 1 receptor ligand (PD-L)1, PD-L2 and glial fibrillary acid protein was assessed in 84 BCBM and their microenvironment.
resultsMedian survival after BCBM excision was 18.3 months (range 0-99). Median number of CD4+, CD8+ TILs and CD68+ was 49, 69 and 76 per 1 mm(2), respectively. PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression in BCBM was present in 53 % and 36 % of cases, and was not related to BCBM phenotype. PD-1 expression on TILs correlated positively with CD4+ and CD8+ TILs (r = 0.26 and 0.33), and so did CD68+ (r = 0.23 and 0.27, respectively). In the multivariate analysis, survival after BCBM excision positively correlated with PD-1 expression on TILs (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.3, P = 0.003), CD68+ infiltration (HR = 0.2, P < 0.001), brain radiotherapy (HR = 0.1, P < 0.001), endocrine therapy (HR = 0.1, P < 0.001), and negatively with hormone-receptor-negative/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive phenotype of primary tumor (HR = 2.6, P = 0.01), HER2 expression in BCBM (HR = 4.9, P = 0.01).
conclusionsPD-L1 and PD-L2 expression is a common occurrence in BCBM, irrespective of primary tumor and BCBM phenotype. Favorable prognostic impact of PD-1 expression on TILs suggests a beneficial effect of preexisting immunity and implies a potential therapeutic role of immune checkpoint inhibitors in BCBM.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.