ArticlePloS one2016
Population-Based Incidence Rates of Diarrheal Disease Associated with Norovirus, Sapovirus, and Astrovirus in Kenya.
Article in PloS one, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Aetiology of diarrhoea in children aged zero to nine years in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review.Journal of global health · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled prevalence and genetic diversity of norovirus in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Virology journal · 2022Pooled it
- Age-dependent acquisition of IgG antibodies toFrontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Global burden and trends of norovirus-associated diseases from 1990 to 2021 an observational trend study.Frontiers in public health · 2024Observational
- Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Norovirus Infections Among Diarrhea Patients Admitted to Tertiary Care Hospitals in Bangladesh.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Sapovirus Infections in an Australian Community-Based Healthy Birth Cohort During the First 2 Years of Life.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2023Article
- Analysing the interplay of environmental virology, public health, and sanitation: a comprehensive review from a Kenyan perspective.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Review
- Article
- The Epidemiology of Sapovirus in the Etiology, Risk Factors, and Interactions of Enteric Infection and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health and Development Study: Evidence of Protection Following Natural Infection.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Article
- Clinical Profiles of Childhood Astrovirus-, Sapovirus-, and Norovirus-Associated Acute Gastroenteritis in Pediatric Emergency Departments in Alberta, 2014-2018.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Molecular epidemiology of astrovirus in children with gastroenteritis in southwestern Nigeria.Archives of virology · 2020Article
- Etiology of Non-Rotaviral Diarrhea in Hospitalized Children Under Five Years of Age.Indian journal of pediatrics · 2020Article
- Review
- Norovirus infections and knowledge, attitudes and practices in food safety among food handlers in an informal urban settlement, Kenya 2017.BMC public health · 2020Article
- Molecular Characterization of Norovirus Strains Isolated from Older Children and Adults in Impoverished Communities of Vhembe District, South Africa.Advances in virology · 2020Article
- Risk factors for death among children 0-59 months of age with moderate-to-severe diarrhea in Manhiça district, southern Mozambique.BMC infectious diseases · 2019Article
- Review
- Detection of potentially pathogenic enteric viruses in environmental samples from Kenya using the bag-mediated filtration system.Water science & technology, water supply · 2019Article
- Human Sapovirus among Outpatients with Acute Gastroenteritis in Spain: A One-Year Study.Viruses · 2019Article
- Pathogen surveillance in the informal settlement, Kibera, Kenya, using a metagenomics approach.PloS one · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundDiarrheal diseases remain a major cause of mortality in Africa and worldwide. While the burden of rotavirus is well described, population-based rates of disease caused by norovirus, sapovirus, and astrovirus are lacking, particularly in developing countries.
methodsData on diarrhea cases were collected through a population-based surveillance platform including healthcare encounters and household visits in Kenya. We analyzed data from June 2007 to October 2008 in Lwak, a rural site in western Kenya, and from October 2006 to February 2009 in Kibera, an urban slum. Stool specimens from diarrhea cases of all ages who visited study clinics were tested for norovirus, sapovirus, and astrovirus by RT-PCR.
resultsOf 334 stool specimens from Lwak and 524 from Kibera, 85 (25%) and 159 (30%) were positive for norovirus, 13 (4%) and 31 (6%) for sapovirus, and 28 (8%) and 18 (3%) for astrovirus, respectively. Among norovirus-positive specimens, genogroup II predominated in both sites, detected in 74 (87%) in Lwak and 140 (88%) in Kibera. The adjusted community incidence per 100,000 person-years was the highest for norovirus (Lwak: 9,635; Kibera: 4,116), followed by astrovirus (Lwak: 3,051; Kibera: 440) and sapovirus (Lwak: 1,445; Kibera: 879). For all viruses, the adjusted incidence was higher among children aged <5 years (norovirus: 22,225 in Lwak and 17,511 in Kibera; sapovirus: 5,556 in Lwak and 4,378 in Kibera; astrovirus: 11,113 in Lwak and 2,814 in Kibera) compared to cases aged ≥5 years.
conclusionAlthough limited by a lack of controls, this is the first study to estimate the outpatient and community incidence rates of norovirus, sapovirus, and astrovirus across the age spectrum in Kenya, suggesting a substantial disease burden imposed by these viruses. By applying adjusted rates, we estimate approximately 2.8-3.3 million, 0.45-0.54 million, and 0.77-0.95 million people become ill with norovirus, sapovirus, and astrovirus, respectively, every year in Kenya.
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