ArticlePLoS computational biology2016
A Geometrically-Constrained Mathematical Model of Mammary Gland Ductal Elongation Reveals Novel Cellular Dynamics within the Terminal End Bud.
Article in PLoS computational biology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
- Branching out: the diverse roles of stem and progenitor cells in mammary gland development.Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia · 2026Review
- Little women: the relevance and reliance on mouse models for mammary gland research and next steps for translation.Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia · 2025Review
- Contractile fibroblasts form a transient niche for the branching mammary epithelium.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Human breast tissue engineering in health and disease.EMBO molecular medicine · 2024Review
- Spatially coordinated cell cycle activity and motility govern bifurcation of mammary branches.The Journal of cell biology · 2023Article
- A junction-dependent mechanism drives murine mammary cell intercalation for ductal elongation.Developmental cell · 2023Article
- Dedifferentiation-mediated stem cell niche maintenance in early-stage ductal carcinoma in situ progression: insights from a multiscale modeling study.Cell death & disease · 2022Article
- The Mammary Gland: Basic Structure and Molecular Signaling during Development.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- The molecular basis of mammary gland development and epithelial differentiation.Seminars in cell & developmental biology · 2021Review
- Local accumulation of extracellular matrix regulates global morphogenetic patterning in the developing mammary gland.Current biology : CB · 2021Article
- The biomechanical basis of biased epithelial tube elongation in lung and kidney development.Development (Cambridge, England) · 2021Article
- Intravital microscopy of dynamic single-cell behavior in mouse mammary tissue.Nature protocols · 2021Article
- The Cellular Organization of the Mammary Gland: Insights From Microscopy.Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia · 2021Review
- Breast cancers, mammary stem cells, and cancer stem cells, characteristics, and hypotheses.Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.) · 2020Review
- A Multiscale Agent-Based Model of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ.IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering · 2020Article
- Multidimensional Imaging of Mammary Gland Development: A Window Into Breast Form and Function.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2020Review
- Numb regulates cell tension required for mammary duct elongation.Biology open · 2019Article
- Developmental Stage-Specific Distribution of Macrophages in Mouse Mammary Gland.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2019Article
- miR-205 Regulates Basal Cell Identity and Stem Cell Regenerative Potential During Mammary Reconstitution.Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio) · 2018Article
- Neutral lineage tracing of proliferative embryonic and adult mammary stem/progenitor cells.Development (Cambridge, England) · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Mathematics is often used to model biological systems. In mammary gland development, mathematical modeling has been limited to acinar and branching morphogenesis and breast cancer, without reference to normal duct formation. We present a model of ductal elongation that exploits the geometrically-constrained shape of the terminal end bud (TEB), the growing tip of the duct, and incorporates morphometrics, region-specific proliferation and apoptosis rates. Iterative model refinement and behavior analysis, compared with biological data, indicated that the traditional metric of nipple to the ductal front distance, or percent fat pad filled to evaluate ductal elongation rate can be misleading, as it disregards branching events that can reduce its magnitude. Further, model driven investigations of the fates of specific TEB cell types confirmed migration of cap cells into the body cell layer, but showed their subsequent preferential elimination by apoptosis, thus minimizing their contribution to the luminal lineage and the mature duct.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.