SynthesisPloS one2016
Prenatal, Perinatal and Neonatal Risk Factors for Intellectual Disability: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 75 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
75 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Genetic aetiology of global developmental delay and intellectual disability in Africa: a scoping review.Frontiers in genetics · 2026Pooled it
- A systematic review of the biological, social, and environmental determinants of intellectual disability in children and adolescents.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Migration or ethnic minority status and risk of autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability: systematic review.European journal of public health · 2021Pooled it
- Health outcomes of smoking during pregnancy and the postpartum period: an umbrella review.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2021Pooled it
- Evidence of detrimental effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on offspring birthweight and neurodevelopment from a systematic review of quasi-experimental studies.International journal of epidemiology · 2021Pooled it
- Composite neonatal morbidity indicators using hospital discharge data: A systematic review.Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 2020Pooled it
- Gestational age and socioeconomic status as mediators for the impact of prenatal alcohol exposure on development at 6 months.Birth defects research · 2019Trial
- Global Burden and Inequalities in Mental Disorders Across Countries and Territories: 1990 to 2021.Alpha psychiatry · 2026Article
- BabyFlow: 3D modeling of realistic and expressive infant faces.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Metabolic expenditure, neurodevelopment, and weight gain into early childhood after fetal growth restriction.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Unlocking 3D baby face photogrammetry: Multi-view BabyMorph reconstruction from uncalibrated photographs.Expert systems with applications · 2026Article
- Prevalence and Predictors of Stress Among Caregivers of Children with Developmental Disorders.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Investigation of Genetic Aetiology in Intellectual Developmental Disorder with Trio-Whole Exome Sequencing Approach.Noro psikiyatri arsivi · 2026Article
- Prenatal ozone exposure and risk of intellectual disability.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
- Proximity of Maternal Time of Immigration to Child's Birth Is Associated With Autism Spectrum Disorder With Early Learning Delay Among Immigrant Populations in the United States: Findings From the Study to Explore Early Development.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2025Article
- Maximizing Diagnostic Yield in Intellectual Disability Through Exome Sequencing: Genotype-Phenotype Insights in a Vietnamese Cohort.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Investigating the interplay between prematurity and genetic variation in the context of rare developmental disorders.Genome medicine · 2025Article
- Severe Neonatal Morbidity Across Gestational Age: Monitoring Infants at High Risk of Mortality.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2025Article
- Socio-medical factors associated with neurodevelopmental disorders on the Kenyan coast.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
15 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe etiology of non-genetic intellectual disability (ID) is not fully known, and we aimed to identify the prenatal, perinatal and neonatal risk factors for ID.
methodPubMed and Embase databases were searched for studies that examined the association between pre-, peri- and neonatal factors and ID risk (keywords "intellectual disability" or "mental retardation" or "ID" or "MR" in combination with "prenatal" or "pregnancy" or "obstetric" or "perinatal" or "neonatal". The last search was updated on September 15, 2015. Summary effect estimates (pooled odds ratios) were calculated for each risk factor using random effects models, with tests for heterogeneity and publication bias.
resultsSeventeen studies with 55,344 patients and 5,723,749 control individuals were eligible for inclusion in our analysis, and 16 potential risk factors were analyzed. Ten prenatal factors (advanced maternal age, maternal black race, low maternal education, third or more parity, maternal alcohol use, maternal tobacco use, maternal diabetes, maternal hypertension, maternal epilepsy and maternal asthma), one perinatal factor (preterm birth) and two neonatal factors (male sex and low birth weight) were significantly associated with increased risk of ID.
conclusionThis systemic review and meta-analysis provides a comprehensive evidence-based assessment of the risk factors for ID. Future studies are encouraged to focus on perinatal and neonatal risk factors and the combined effects of multiple factors.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.