ArticleCell host & microbe2016
Sequential Infection with Common Pathogens Promotes Human-like Immune Gene Expression and Altered Vaccine Response.
Article in Cell host & microbe, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 165 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
165 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 241 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effect of helminth infection on vaccine responses in humans and animal models: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Parasite immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Cytomegalovirus Latency Fuels Inflammation Following Myocardial Infarction.Circulation research · 2026Article
- A gavage-fomite based method to generate mouse models with natural microbiota.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Article
- Dirty mice better recapitulate key features of mRNA vaccine immunogenicity observed in humans.mBio · 2026Article
- Sequential infection reprograms the immune landscape to shape future responses.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- A gavage-fomite based method to generate mouse models with natural microbiota.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- The Inflammatory Response in the Murine Ovalbumin-Induced Skin Inflammation Model Is Robust Despite Major Gut Microbiota Differences.Clinical and translational science · 2026Article
- Characterisation of bacteria-induced colitis and its modulation by probiotics in naked mole rats: a new mammalian model for acute inflammatory disease.The Journal of pathology · 2026Article
- Preimmunization of SPF Mice With Capsid Virus-like Particle Has no Effect on CD8Clinical and translational science · 2026Article
- Dirty mice better recapitulate key features of mRNA vaccine immunogenicity observed in humans.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Article
- Diverse Microbial Exposure Enhances CD8bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Article
- Plasmacytoid dendritic cells are dispensable or detrimental in murine systemic or respiratory viral infections.Nature immunology · 2025Article
- Naturalized immune responses are stable over years in a colony of laboratory mice with wild-derived microbiota.Immunity · 2025Article
- Role of the Virome in Vaccine-Induced Immunization.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Development of DNA and mRNA-LNP vaccines against an H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b influenza virus.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Physiological microbial exposure normalizes memory T cell surveillance of the brain and modifies host seizure outcomes.Nature immunology · 2025Article
- Naturally transmitted mouse viruses highlight the heterogeneity of virus transmission dynamics in the dirty mouse model.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Laboratory mice engrafted with natural gut microbiota possess a wildling-like phenotype.Nature communications · 2025Article
105 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 7 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Immune responses differ between laboratory mice and humans. Chronic infection with viruses and parasites are common in humans, but are absent in laboratory mice, and thus represent potential contributors to inter-species differences in immunity. To test this, we sequentially infected laboratory mice with herpesviruses, influenza, and an intestinal helminth and compared their blood immune signatures to mock-infected mice before and after vaccination against yellow fever virus (YFV-17D). Sequential infection altered pre- and post-vaccination gene expression, cytokines, and antibodies in blood. Sequential pathogen exposure induced gene signatures that recapitulated those seen in blood from pet store-raised versus laboratory mice, and adult versus cord blood in humans. Therefore, basal and vaccine-induced murine immune responses are altered by infection with agents common outside of barrier facilities. This raises the possibility that we can improve mouse models of vaccination and immunity by selective microbial exposure of laboratory animals to mimic that of humans.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.