ArticlePLoS pathogens2016
Legionella pneumophila-Derived Outer Membrane Vesicles Promote Bacterial Replication in Macrophages.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 57 papers.
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Who cites it
57 citing papers in PubMed, 94 citations in OpenAlex.
- Intratumoral microbiota in tumorigenesis: A double-edged sword.Chinese medical journal · 2026Review
- Bacterial extracellular vesicles modulate epithelial antiviral responses via macrophage-mediated immunomodulation.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Article
- Integrative analysis of the meibum microbiome in dry eye disease: from dysbiosis and diagnostic biomarkers to immunomodulation by Bradyrhizobium-derived outer membrane vesicles.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Bacterial Membrane Vesicles as Versatile Platforms for Systemic and Mucosal Vaccines.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Sustained exposure to outer membrane vesicles from Escherichia coli develop mitochondrial oxidative stress and induce autophagy of macrophage.Archives of microbiology · 2026Article
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles in Potentiating Cancer Vaccines: Progress and Prospects.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Bacterial extracellular vesicles as players in biofilm dynamics and community interactions.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- A subset of type 4 secretion system effectors ofmicroLife · 2026Article
- Bacterial extracellular vesicles as multifaceted regulators of human diseases and emerging therapeutic platforms.Theranostics · 2026Review
- Effects of surface-exposed sialic acid and LOS outer core on the ability of native Neisseria meningitidis outer membrane vesicles (nOMVs) to induce cytokine expression and pyroptotic pathways in THP-1-derived macrophages.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Bacterial outer membrane vesicles: a novel target in mediating bacterial infection and host immune responses.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2025Review
- Intestinal bacteria-derived extracellular vesicles in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: From mechanisms to therapeutics.Molecules and cells · 2025Review
- Review on bacterial outer membrane vesicles: structure, vesicle formation, separation and biotechnological applications.Microbial cell factories · 2025Review
- Linking microbial communities to rheumatoid arthritis: focus on gut, oral microbiome and their extracellular vesicles.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Non-coding RNA Networks in Infection.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2025Article
- Outer membrane vesicles in gram-negative bacteria and its correlation with pathogenesis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Editorial: Reviews in microbial pathogenesis.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- Recent advances in bacterial outer membrane vesicles: Effects on the immune system, mechanisms and their usage for tumor treatment.Journal of pharmaceutical analysis · 2024Review
- Small molecule communication ofMicrobiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The formation and release of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) is a phenomenon of Gram-negative bacteria. This includes Legionella pneumophila (L. pneumophila), a causative agent of severe pneumonia. Upon its transmission into the lung, L. pneumophila primarily infects and replicates within macrophages. Here, we analyzed the influence of L. pneumophila OMVs on macrophages. To this end, differentiated THP-1 cells were incubated with increasing doses of Legionella OMVs, leading to a TLR2-dependent classical activation of macrophages with the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Inhibition of TLR2 and NF-κB signaling reduced the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, treatment of THP-1 cells with OMVs prior to infection reduced replication of L. pneumophila in THP-1 cells. Blocking of TLR2 activation or heat denaturation of OMVs restored bacterial replication in the first 24 h of infection. With prolonged infection-time, OMV pre-treated macrophages became more permissive for bacterial replication than untreated cells and showed increased numbers of Legionella-containing vacuoles and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine induction. Additionally, miRNA-146a was found to be transcriptionally induced by OMVs and to facilitate bacterial replication. Accordingly, IRAK-1, one of miRNA-146a's targets, showed prolonged activation-dependent degradation, which rendered THP-1 cells more permissive for Legionella replication. In conclusion, L. pneumophila OMVs are initially potent pro-inflammatory stimulators of macrophages, acting via TLR2, IRAK-1, and NF-κB, while at later time points, OMVs facilitate L. pneumophila replication by miR-146a-dependent IRAK-1 suppression. OMVs might thereby promote spreading of L. pneumophila in the host.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.