ArticlePloS one2016
Contribution of Chronic Conditions to the Disability Burden across Smoking Categories in Middle-Aged Adults, Belgium.
Article in PloS one, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of Physical Activity Levels with Severe Multimorbidity Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults: Evidence from CHARLS and a Community Sample.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Health-related factors leading to disabilities in Korea: Survival analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- Lifestyle and work ability in a general working population in Norway: a cross-sectional study.BMJ open · 2019Article
- The Long-Term Impact of Functional Disability on Hospitalization Spending in Singapore.Journal of the economics of ageing · 2019Article
- Contribution of chronic diseases to educational disparity in disability in France: results from the cross-sectional "disability-health" survey.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2019Article
- Explaining the increasing disability prevalence among mid-life US adults, 2002 to 2016.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2018Article
- Changes in health in Belgium, 1990-2016: a benchmarking analysis based on the global burden of disease 2016 study.BMC public health · 2018Article
- Contribution of chronic conditions to functional limitations using a multinomial outcome: results for the older population in Belgium and Brazil.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2017Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionSmoking is considered the single most important preventable cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, contributing to increased incidence and severity of disabling conditions. The aim of this study was to assess the contribution of chronic conditions to the disability burden across smoking categories in middle-aged adults in Belgium.
methodsData from 10,224 individuals aged 40 to 60 years who participated in the 1997, 2001, 2004, or 2008 Health Interview Surveys in Belgium were used. Smoking status was defined as never, former (cessation ≥2 years), former (cessation <2 years), occasional light (<20 cigarettes/day), daily light, and daily heavy (≥20 cigarettes/day). To attribute disability to chronic conditions, binomial additive hazards models were fitted separately for each smoking category adjusted for gender, except for former (cessation <2 years) and occasional light smokers due to the small sample size.
resultsAn increasing trend in the disability prevalence was observed across smoking categories in men (never = 4.8%, former (cessation ≥2 years) = 5.8%, daily light = 7.8%, daily heavy = 10.7%) and women (never = 7.6%, former (cessation ≥2 years) = 8.0%, daily light = 10.2%, daily heavy = 12.0%). Musculoskeletal conditions showed a substantial contribution to the disability burden in men and women across all smoking categories. Other important contributors were depression and cardiovascular diseases in never smokers; depression, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes in former smokers (cessation ≥2 years); chronic respiratory diseases, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases in daily light smokers; cardiovascular diseases and chronic respiratory diseases in men and depression and diabetes in women daily heavy smokers.
conclusionsBeyond the well-known effect of smoking on mortality, our findings showed an increasing trend of the disability prevalence and different contributors to the disability burden across smoking categories. This information can be useful from a public health perspective to define strategies to reduce disability in Belgium.
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