ArticleJournal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society2016
Increased Cytomegalovirus Secretion and Risks of Infant Infection by Breastfeeding Duration From Maternal Human Immunodeficiency Virus Positive Compared to Negative Mothers in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Article in Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Human Cytomegalovirus Immune Evasion of Natural Killer Cells: A Virus for All Seasons?Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Viruses and Human Milk: Transmission or Protection?Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2023Review
- Complexity of Human Cytomegalovirus Infection in South African HIV-Exposed Infants with Pneumonia.Viruses · 2022Article
- Breastfeeding Duration and Cytomegalovirus Seroprevalence Among US Children Aged 1-5 Years: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 2011-2012 and 2017-2018.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2021Article
- Multiple-Strain Infections of Human Cytomegalovirus With High Genomic Diversity Are Common in Breast Milk From Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Women in Zambia.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2019Article
- Cytomegalovirus Viremia in HIV-1 Subtype C Positive Women at Delivery in Botswana and Adverse Birth/Infant Health Outcomes.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundBreastfeeding imparts beneficial immune protection and nutrition to infants for healthy growth, but it is also a route for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. In previous studies, we showed that HCMV adversely affects infant development in Africa, particularly with maternal HIV exposure. In this study, we analyzed infants risks for acquisition of HCMV infection from breastfeeding and compared HIV-positive and HIV-negative mothers.
methodsTwo cohorts were studied in Zambia. (1) Two hundred sixty-one HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected mothers were compared for HCMV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) loads and genotypes (glycoprotein gO) in milk from birth to 4 months postpartum. (2) Maternally HIV-exposed and HIV-unexposed infants were compared for HCMV infection risk factors. The second cohort of 460 infants, from a trial of micronutrient-fortified complementary-food to breastfeeding, were studied between 6 and 18 months of age. Human cytomegalovirus seroprevalence was assayed, and logistic regression was used to calculate risk factors for HCMV infection, including maternal HIV exposure and breastfeeding duration.
resultsHuman cytomegalovirus was detected in breast milk from 3 days to 4 months postpartum, with significantly raised levels in HIV-positive women and independent of genotype. In infants, HCMV antibody seroprevalence was 83% by 18 months age. Longer breastfeeding duration increased infection risk in maternally HIV-unexposed (odds ratio [OR] = 2.69 for 18 months vs <12 months; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.84-8.59; P = .03) and HIV-exposed infants (OR = 20.37 for >6 months vs never; 95% CI, 3.71-111.70; P < .001).
conclusionsProlonged breastfeeding, which is common in Africa, increased risk of HCMV infection in infants. Both HIV-positive and HIV-negative women had extended milk HCMV secretion. Women who were HIV-positive secreted higher HCMV levels, and for longer duration, with their children at increased infection risk. Human cytomegalovirus control is required to maintain health benefits of breastfeeding.
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