ReviewScience (New York, N.Y.)2016
Trained immunity: A program of innate immune memory in health and disease.
Review in Science (New York, N.Y.), 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 12 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 1,541 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Conducting an Initial Small, Controlled Clinical Pharmacology Trial to Assess for Therapeutic Biologics Activity (Proof-of-Concept) That Suggests the Potential for Clinical Benefits of COVID-19 Patients With Controlled Cancers.
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Vaccination as Defense Against SARS-CoV-2: A Randomized Controlled Trial to Protect Health Care Workers by Enhanced Trained Immune Responses
Performance Evaluation of BCG Vaccination in Healthcare Personnel to Reduce the Severity of SARS-COV-2 Infection in Medellín, Colombia, 2020
Using BCG Vaccine to Enhance Non-specific Protection of Health Care Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic. A Randomized Controlled Multi-center Trial
Novel Use of an Existing Vaccine (BCG) Alliance: The NUEVA Trial
BCG Vaccine to Reduce Unplanned Absenteeism Due to Illness of Health Care Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic. A Multi-center Randomised Controlled Trial (BCG-COVID-RCT)
Use of BCG Vaccine as a Preventive Measure for COVID-19 in Health Care Workers
A Proof-of-Concept, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Two-Arm, Parallel-Group, Nutritional Intervention Study to Examine the Clinical and Immunological Effects of a Probiotic Food Supplement Containing B. Infantis (EVC001) in Healthy Breastfed Infants at Risk of Developing Atopic Dermatitis
Efficacy and Tolerability of a Nutritional Supplementation With ABBC-1, a Symbiotic Combination of Beta-glucans and Selenium and Zinc Enriched Probiotics, in Volunteers Receiving the Influenza or the Covid-19 Vaccines
Prevention of Acute Respiratory Infection in Taiwanese Institutionalized Elderly (PARITIE)
Conducting an Initial Small, Controlled Clinical Pharmacology Trial to Assess for Therapeutic Biologics Activity (Proof-of-Concept) That Suggests the Potential for Clinical Benefits of HIV (+) Patients
Using AS01 Adjuvant to Improve Immune Response in Older Adults Through Trained Immunity
Who cites it
1,541 citing papers in PubMed, 2,582 citations in OpenAlex.
- Six Weeks of Baker's Yeast β-Glucan Supplementation Reveals Unique Immune Maturation mRNA Signature: Implications for Immunity?International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Trial
- Dectin-1 signaling promotes Galectin-3 shedding and expansion of immunosuppressive CD71+ erythroid cells in breast cancer.Oncoimmunology · 2026Article
- Microbial epigenetic regulation as a multilevel regulatory interface in host-microbe interactions.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Monocyte exhaustion associated with systemic lupus erythematosus.Autoimmunity · 2026Article
- The origin of non-specific effects of vaccines and the role of randomised clinical trials.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Rethinking the immune recognition of cell walls in human fungal pathogens: Mechanisms, controversies and translational significance.Virulence · 2026Review
- Durable Responses and Cystectomy Avoidance With Interleukin-15 Receptor Agonist NAI Plus Bacillus Calmette-Guérin in Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-Unresponsive Nonmuscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer With Carcinoma In Situ ± Papillary Disease.The Journal of urology · 2026Article
- Trained Immunity in Childhood Vaccination.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2026Review
- DNA-based vaccines: Advances, applications, and future prospects.Genes & diseases · 2026Review
- Monocytes in pneumonia: Functional plasticity and innate memory (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2026Review
- The epigenetic-metabolic axis of trained immunity: dual roles in disease pathogenesis and intervention.Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Review
- Anisotropic Masked Mycobacterium Potentiates Amplified Antitumor Trained Immunity via Spleen Targeting and Myelopoiesis Conversion.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Article
- Maturation-Dependent Constraints in the Ability of Human Monocytes to Initiate Trained Immunity.MedComm · 2026Article
- Multi-level transcriptional control of specific macrophage responses.The EMBO journal · 2026Review
- Trophoblast Extracellular Vesicles Rewire Immunity: A Symptom-Relief Avenue for Recessive Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026Article
- Immune-epigenetic convergence in biomaterial-guided tissue regeneration.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Targeting tissue immune memory in chronic-remitting autoimmune kidney diseases: current concepts and future therapies.Clinical kidney journal · 2026Review
- Immune boosting to combat Alzheimer's disease: Position statement.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2026Article
- Drugging the immune system: principles of immunopharmacology.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Article
- How past transient viremia shape natural killer cells' antibody-dependent functions in youth with perinatal HIV.iScience · 2026Article
1,481 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 6 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The general view that only adaptive immunity can build immunological memory has recently been challenged. In organisms lacking adaptive immunity, as well as in mammals, the innate immune system can mount resistance to reinfection, a phenomenon termed "trained immunity" or "innate immune memory." Trained immunity is orchestrated by epigenetic reprogramming, broadly defined as sustained changes in gene expression and cell physiology that do not involve permanent genetic changes such as mutations and recombination, which are essential for adaptive immunity. The discovery of trained immunity may open the door for novel vaccine approaches, new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of immune deficiency states, and modulation of exaggerated inflammation in autoinflammatory diseases.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.