Observational studyClinical cardiology2016
High Plasma Levels of Gremlin-1 and Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor, but Not Their Ratio, Indicate an Increased Risk for Acute Coronary Syndrome in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Observational study in Clinical cardiology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Screening and Risk Assessment of Coronary Artery Disease in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: An Updated Review.In vivo (Athens, Greece)Pooled it
- Endomyocardial Gremlin-1 is associated with structural remodeling and adverse clinical outcomes in non-ischemic cardiomyopathy.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- SGLT2 Inhibitors Attenuate Neutrophil-Mediated Endothelial Injury in Coronary Artery Disease With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Through a GREM1-Associated Smad Signaling Axis.Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology · 2026Article
- Molecular basis of acute coronary syndrome.Journal of research in medical sciences : the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences · 2022Review
- Relationship of Plasma Gremlin 1 Levels with Body Adiposity and Glycemic Control in Saudi Female Type 2 Diabetes Patients.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2022Article
- Association of the systemic immune-inflammation index with all-cause mortality in patients with arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2022Article
- Circulating microRNA-92a level predicts acute coronary syndrome in diabetic patients with coronary heart disease.Lipids in health and disease · 2019Article
- Article
- Generation and Applications of a DNA Aptamer against Gremlin-1.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2017Article
- Risk Factors Of Heart Disease in Nurses.Iranian journal of nursing and midwifery researchArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundChronic inflammation promotes atherosclerosis and is a prognostic factor in coronary artery disease (CAD). Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) are at risk for progressive atherosclerosis. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a key player in atherosclerosis, mediating pro-inflammatory responses. Its endogenous antagonist Gremlin-1 inhibits foam-cell formation and atheroprogression by binding MIF, neutralizing its proatherosclerotic functions. HYPOTHESIS: Plasma levels of MIF and Gremlin-1 correlate with the stability of CAD in patients with DM2.
methodWe assessed plasma levels of Gremlin-1 and MIF in 198 nondiabetic and 88 diabetic patients with symptomatic CAD using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.
resultsPlasma levels of Gremlin-1 were higher DM2 patients (278.8 ± 16.6 vs 224.7 ± 6.7 ng/mL; P = 0.001). MIF levels were elevated but not significantly increased in DM2 (P = 0.098). Interestingly, we found that Gremlin-1 plasma levels were significantly higher in diabetic patients with stable angina pectoris (SAP; n = 53) or acute coronary syndrome (ACS; n = 35) compared with nondiabetic patients with SAP (P = 0.008 and P = 0.011, respectively). MIF levels were significantly higher in diabetic patients with ACS compared with SAP (P < 0.001). Although the single plasma parameters showed an association with DM2 and CAD status, we could not confirm that the Gremlin-1/MIF ratio is significantly different in patients stratified by DM2 and CAD (P = 0.072). Hence, Gremlin-1/MIF ratio was significantly lower in patients with ACS compared with SAP (1.1 ± 0.1 vs 4.4 ± 1.1; P = 0.003).
conclusionsDiabetic patients with ACS show increased levels of Gremlin-1 and MIF, leading to unfavorable Gremlin-1/MIF ratios. However, DM2 alone is not associated with low Gremlin-1/MIF ratios.
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