Trial reportClinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.)2016
Pharmacokinetic analysis and comparison of caffeine administered rapidly or slowly in coffee chilled or hot versus chilled energy drink in healthy young adults.
Trial report in Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 113 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Determining the Levels of Cortisol, Testosterone, Lactic Acid and Anaerobic Performance in Athletes Using Various Forms of Coffee.Nutrients · 2024Trial
- Trial
- Lack of Evidence for Blood Pressure Effects of Caffeine Added to Ibuprofen.Current drug safety · 2023Trial
- Trait Energy and Fatigue Modify the Effects of Caffeine on Mood, Cognitive and Fine-Motor Task Performance: A Post-Hoc Study.Nutrients · 2021Trial
- Cardiac autonomic activity during sleep deprivation with and without caffeine administration.Physiology & behavior · 2019Trial
- A Prospective Randomized, Double-Blind, Two-Period Crossover Pharmacokinetic Trial Comparing Green Coffee Bean Extract-A Botanically Sourced Caffeine-With a Synthetic USP Control.Clinical pharmacology in drug development · 2018Trial
- Do Stimulants Promote Arrhythmic Risk: Insights From a Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocyte Model.Journal of arrhythmia · 2026Article
- Australian Guideline for the Identification and Management of Hypertension in Children and Adolescents.Journal of paediatrics and child health · 2026Article
- Endogenous melatonin partial metabolic clearance as a potential endogenous marker of CYP1A2 activity.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2026Article
- Coffee Versus Caffeine as Ergogenic Aids: Biological and Methodological Distinctions with Implications for Exercise Performance and Recovery.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Leveraging the developmental neurotoxicityFrontiers in toxicology · 2026Article
- Systematic evaluation and comparison of theCurrent research in food science · 2026Article
- Device for Electrochemical Caffeine Analysis in Fluids (DECAF): A Stir-Bar-Embedded Sensor for Real-Time Caffeine Analysis in Commercial and Homemade Beverages.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2025Article
- Common questions and misconceptions about caffeine supplementation: what does the scientific evidence really show?Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2024Review
- Caffeine: A Multifunctional Efficacious Molecule with Diverse Health Implications and Emerging Delivery Systems.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Coffee as a dietary strategy to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection.Cell & bioscience · 2023Article
- Effect of alpha-lipoic acid and caffeine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles on obesity and its complications in liver and kidney in rats.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2023Article
- Overview of Caffeine Effects on Human Health and Emerging Delivery Strategies.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Neuropathic pain: Mechanisms and therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
contextThere is a paucity of data describing the impact of type of beverage (coffee versus energy drink), different rates of consumption and different temperature of beverages on the pharmacokinetic disposition of caffeine. Additionally, there is concern that inordinately high levels of caffeine may result from the rapid consumption of cold energy drinks.
objectiveThe objective of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of caffeine under various drink temperature, rate of consumption and vehicle (coffee versus energy drink) conditions. MATERIALS: Five caffeine (dose = 160 mg) conditions were evaluated in an open-label, group-randomized, crossover fashion. After the administration of each caffeine dose, 10 serial plasma samples were harvested. Caffeine concentration was measured via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and those concentrations were assessed by non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. The calculated mean pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed statistically by one-way repeated measures analysis of variance (RM ANOVA). If differences were found, each group was compared to the other by all pair-wise multiple comparison.
resultsTwenty-four healthy subjects ranging in age from 18 to 30 completed the study. The mean caffeine concentration time profiles were similar with overlapping SDs at all measured time points. The ANOVA revealed significant differences in mean Cmax and Vd ss/F, but no pair-wise comparisons reached statistical significance. No other differences in pharmacokinetic parameters were found. DISCUSSION: The results of this study are consistent with previous caffeine pharmacokinetic studies and suggest that while rate of consumption, temperature of beverage and vehicle (coffee versus energy drink) may be associated with slightly different pharmacokinetic parameters, the overall impact of these variables is small.
conclusionThis study suggests that caffeine absorption and exposure from coffee and energy drink is similar irrespective of beverage temperature or rate of consumption.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.