ArticleHuman nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)2016
The Relationship between Adult Occupational Preferences and Childhood Gender Nonconformity among Samoan Women, Men, and Fa'afafine.
Article in Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.), 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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8 citing papers in PubMed, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Occupational Preferences, Childhood Behavior, and Openness: The Role of Sex, Sexual Orientation, and Gender Identity in Iran.Archives of sexual behavior · 2025Article
- Sexual and Gender Diversity in Thailand: Associations with Recalled Childhood Sex-Typed Behavior and Adulthood Occupational Preferences.Archives of sexual behavior · 2025Article
- Statistical indices of masculinity-femininity: A theoretical and practical framework.Behavior research methods · 2024Article
- Male androphilia, fraternal birth order, and female fecundity in Samoa: A 10-y retrospective.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Occupational Preferences and Recalled Childhood Sex-Atypical Behavior among Istmo Zapotec Men, Women, and Muxes.Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.) · 2021Article
- Testing Women's Trust in Other Women and Same-Sex Attracted Males in Three Cultures.Archives of sexual behavior · 2021Article
- Handedness and Birth Order Among Heterosexual Men, Gay Men, and Sao Praphet Song in Northern Thailand.Archives of sexual behavior · 2020Article
- Familial patterning and prevalence of male androphilia among Istmo Zapotec men and muxes.PloS one · 2018Article
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Previous research has found that sex differences in occupational preferences are both substantial and cross-culturally universal. Androphilic males tend to display "gender-shifted" occupational preferences, with relatively female-typical interests. Past research has overwhelmingly relied on Western samples; this article offers new insights from a non-Western setting. Known locally as fa'afafine, androphilic males in Samoa occupy a third-gender category. Data were collected in Samoa from 103 men, 103 women, and 103 fa'afafine regarding occupational preferences and recalled childhood gender nonconformity (CGN). A substantial sex difference was observed in the occupational preferences of men and women (d = 2.04). Interestingly, women and fa'afafine did not differ in their preferences (p = 0.89), indicating a complete gender inversion of occupational preferences in the latter. Although there was no correlation between women's CGN and masculine occupational preferences, there was a significant correlation (r = -0.62) between these variables in both men and fa'afafine. Among males (both men and fa'afafine), increased CGN was associated with preference for feminine occupations. The present research corroborates past findings and furnishes support for the conclusion that female-typical occupational preferences are a cross-culturally invariant aspect of male androphilia.
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