ArticleInternational journal of pediatric endocrinology2016
Influences of gender on cardiovascular disease risk factors in adolescents with and without type 1 diabetes.
Article in International journal of pediatric endocrinology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- A High Protein Diet Is Associated with Improved Glycemic Control Following Exercise among Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes.Nutrients · 2023Trial
- Altered cortical bone strength and lean mass in young women with long-duration (19 years) type 1 diabetes.Scientific reports · 2020Trial
- Trial
- Increased 24-h blood pressure and arterial stiffness in young adults with childhood-onset type 1 diabetes: the Norwegian Atherosclerosis and Childhood Diabetes study.Journal of hypertension · 2026Article
- Cardiac markers in children and adolescents at the onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus.PloS one · 2026Article
- Sex-Specific Blood Pressure Trajectories and Cardiovascular Disease in Type 1 Diabetes: 32-Year Follow-up of the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Cohort.Diabetes care · 2025Article
- Early increase in carotid intima-media thickness in women with childhood-onset type 1 diabetes compared with healthy peers: the Norwegian Atherosclerosis and Childhood Diabetes study.BMJ open diabetes research & care · 2025Article
- Sex-Based Differences in BMI and LDL-C Trajectories Following Type 1 Diabetes Diagnosis in Youth.Pediatric diabetes · 2025Article
- Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: Prevalence and Gender DifferencesJournal of clinical research in pediatric endocrinology · 2024Article
- Cardiovascular Disease in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes: Looking Beyond Glycemic Control.Current cardiology reports · 2022Review
- Article
- Sex-Related Differences in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Profile in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Can Resistance Exercise Be a Tool for Healthy Aging in Post-Menopausal Women with Type 1 Diabetes?International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Review
- Cardiovascular disease in diabetes, beyond glucose.Cell metabolism · 2021Review
- Trajectories in glycated hemoglobin and body mass index in children and adolescents with diabetes using the common data model.Scientific reports · 2021Observational
- Bone Mineral Density across the Lifespan in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2020Article
- Glucose Management and the Sex Difference in Excess Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Long-Duration Type 1 Diabetes.Current diabetes reports · 2019Review
- Serum uromodulin is associated with urinary albumin excretion in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.Journal of diabetes and its complications · 2019Article
- Trajectories of hemoglobin A1c and body mass index z-score over four decades among 2 to 18 year olds with type 1 diabetes.Pediatric diabetes · 2019Article
- Macrovascular disease and risk factors in youth with type 1 diabetes: time to be more attentive to treatment?The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWomen with type 1 diabetes (T1D) have a four-fold increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to non-diabetic (non-DM) women, as opposed to double the risk in T1D men compared to non-DM men. It is unclear how early in life CVD risk differences begin in T1D females. Therefore, our objective was to compare CVD risk factors in adolescents with and without T1D to determine the effects of gender on CVD risk factors.
methodsThe study included 300 subjects with T1D (age 15.4±2.1 years, 50 % male, 80 % non-Hispanic White (NHW), glycated hemoglobin (A1c) 8.9±1.6 %, diabetes duration 8.8±3.0 years, BMI Z-score 0.62±0.77) and 100non-DM controls (age 15.4±2.1 years, 47 % male, 69 % NHW, BMI Z-score 0.29±1.04). CVD risk factors were compared by diabetes status and gender. Multivariate linear regression analyses were used to determine if relationships between diabetes status and CVD risk factors differed by gender independent of differences in A1c and BMI.
resultsDifferences in CVD risk factors between T1D subjects and non-DM controls were more pronounced in girls. Compared to boys with T1D and non-DM girls, T1D girls had higher A1c (9.0 % vs. 8.6 % and 5.1 %, respectively), BMI Z-score (0.70 vs. 0.47 and 0.27), LDL-c (95 vs. 82 and 81 mg/dL), total cholesterol (171 vs. 153 and 150 mg/dL), DBP (68 vs. 67 and 63 mmHg), and hs-CRP (1.15 vs. 0.57 and 0.54 mg/dL) after adjusting for Tanner stage, smoking status, and race/ethnicity (p <0.05 for all). In T1D girls, differences in lipids, DBP, and hs-CRP persisted even after adjusting for centered A1c and BMI Z-score. Testing interactions between gender and T1D with CVD risk factors indicated that differences were greater between girls with T1D and non-DM compared to differences between boys with T1D and non-DM. Overall, observed increases in CVD risk factors in T1D girls remained after further adjustment for centered A1c or BMI Z-score.
conclusionsInterventions targeting CVD risk factors in addition to lowering HbA1c and maintaining healthy BMI are needed for youth with T1D. The increased CVD risk factors seen in adolescent girls with T1D in particular argues for earlier intervention to prevent later increased risk of CVD in women with T1D.
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