ArticleThe American journal of clinical nutrition2016
Maternal vitamin D concentrations during pregnancy, fetal growth patterns, and risks of adverse birth outcomes.
Article in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 92 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
92 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The role of vitamin D deficiency in fetal growth restriction: a systematic review.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- An Evaluation of Food and Nutrient Intake among Pregnant Women in The Netherlands: A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2023Pooled it
- Effect of maternal vitamin D status on risk of adverse birth outcomes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies.European journal of nutrition · 2022Pooled it
- The Gestational Effects of Maternal Bone Marker Molecules on Fetal Growth, Metabolism and Long-Term Metabolic Health: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Pooled it
- A systematic review on estimating population attributable fraction for risk factors for small-for-gestational-age births in 81 low- and middle-income countries.Journal of global health · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Vitamin D status during pregnancy and offspring outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2020Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Maternal diet and gestational diabetes mellitus modestly influence children's growth during their first 24 months.Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition · 2025Trial
- The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation in Pregnant Women with Overweight and Obesity: A Randomised Controlled Trial.Nutrients · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Relationship of maternal obesity and vitamin D concentrations with fetal growth in early pregnancy.European journal of nutrition · 2022Trial
- Relationship between vitamin D status and the vaginal microbiome during pregnancy.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2019Trial
- Prenatal sunlight in the second trimester predicts timing of menarche in Polish women born between 1985 and 1991.International journal of biometeorology · 2026Article
- Maternal vitamin D status and preterm birth: an eight-year retrospective cohort study in the Southeastern United States.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Article
- Review
- Vitamin D Deficiency Activates Gdnf-Ret-pErk1/2 Signal and Induces Kidney Malformations in Mice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Predictors of Maternal Vitamin D Deficiency and Associated Adverse Neonatal Outcomes in Eastern Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- A 'Standard of Care PLUS' Model for Preterm Birth Prevention: Integrating Nutrient and Gene Variant Analysis with Targeted Interventions.Journal of personalized medicine · 2026Article
- Umbilical Cord Biomarkers of Nutritional and Metabolic Status in Neonates with Intrauterine Growth Restriction.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
32 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMaternal vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy may affect fetal outcomes.
objectiveThe objective of this study was to examine whether maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations in pregnancy affect fetal growth patterns and birth outcomes.
designThis was a population-based prospective cohort in Rotterdam, Netherlands in 7098 mothers and their offspring. We measured 25(OH)D concentrations at a median gestational age of 20.3 wk (range: 18.5-23.3 wk). Vitamin D concentrations were analyzed continuously and in quartiles. Fetal head circumference and body length and weight were estimated by repeated ultrasounds, and preterm birth (gestational age <37 wk) and small size for gestational age (less than the fifth percentile) were determined.
resultsAdjusted multivariate regression analyses showed that, compared with mothers with second-trimester 25(OH)D concentrations in the highest quartile, those with 25(OH)D concentrations in the lower quartiles had offspring with third-trimester fetal growth restriction, leading to a smaller head circumference, shorter body length, and lower body weight at birth (all P < 0.05). Mothers who had 25(OH)D concentrations in the lowest quartile had an increased risk of preterm delivery (OR: 1.72; 95% CI: 1.14, 2.60) and children who were small for gestational age (OR: 2.07; 95% CI: 1.33, 3.22). The estimated population attributable risk of 25(OH)D concentrations <50 nmol/L for preterm birth or small size for gestational age were 17.3% and 22.6%, respectively. The observed associations were not based on extreme 25(OH)D deficiency, but presented within the common ranges.
conclusionsLow maternal 25(OH)D concentrations are associated with proportional fetal growth restriction and with an increased risk of preterm birth and small size for gestational age at birth. Further studies are needed to investigate the causality of these associations and the potential for public health interventions.
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