Trial reportCancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII2016
Disease progression in recurrent glioblastoma patients treated with the VEGFR inhibitor axitinib is associated with increased regulatory T cell numbers and T cell exhaustion.
Trial report in Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Axitinib plus avelumab in the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma: a stratified, open-label, single-center phase 2 clinical trial (GliAvAx).Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2020Trial
- A Multicenter Phase II Study of Second-Line Axitinib for Patients with Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma Failing First-Line Sorafenib Monotherapy.The oncologist · 2020Trial
- Absolute numbers of regulatory T cells and neutrophils in corticosteroid-free patients are predictive for response to bevacizumab in recurrent glioblastoma patients.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2019Trial
- Randomized phase II trial comparing axitinib with the combination of axitinib and lomustine in patients with recurrent glioblastoma.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2018Trial
- T Cell Exhaustion in Cancer Immunotherapy: Heterogeneity, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Opportunities.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Current evidence and challenges of multitarget anti-angiogenic agents for glioblastoma: Results from clinical trials.iScience · 2025Review
- Kinase-Targeted Therapies for Glioblastoma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine (NAC) Blunts Axitinib-Related Adverse Effects in Preclinical Models of Glioblastoma.Cancer medicine · 2024Article
- Pediatric glioma immune profiling identifies TIM3 as a therapeutic target in BRAF fusion pilocytic astrocytoma.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2024Article
- Role of Molecular Targeted Therapeutic Drugs in Treatment of Glioblastoma: A Review Article.Global medical genetics · 2023Review
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors as a New Target for Immune System Modulation and Brain Cancer Management.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Effects of postoperative radiotherapy and docetaxel and PD-1 inhibitors on the survival and safety of glioblastoma patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Annals of translational medicine · 2022Article
- Direct and indirect regulation of the tumor immune microenvironment by VEGF.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2022Review
- Tumor-Mediated Neutrophil Polarization and Therapeutic Implications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Glioma targeted therapy: insight into future of molecular approaches.Molecular cancer · 2022Review
- T cell exhaustion assessment algorism in tumor microenvironment predicted clinical outcomes and immunotherapy effects in glioma.Frontiers in genetics · 2022Article
- Comprehensive Analyses of Ferroptosis-Related Alterations and Their Prognostic Significance in Glioblastoma.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2022Article
- Evaluation of β-Catenin Inhibition of Axitinib and Nitazoxanide in Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells.Biomedicines · 2021Article
- Metabolic Remodeling in Glioma Immune Microenvironment: Intercellular Interactions Distinct From Peripheral Tumors.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2021Review
- Alterations of the tumor microenvironment in glioblastoma following radiation and temozolomide with or without bevacizumab.Annals of translational medicine · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundRecurrent glioblastoma is associated with a poor overall survival. Antiangiogenic therapy results in a high tumor response rate but has limited impact on survival. Immunotherapy has emerged as an efficient treatment modality for some cancers, and preclinical evidence indicates that anti-VEGF(R) therapy can counterbalance the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.
methodsWe collected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of patients with recurrent glioblastoma treated in a randomized phase II clinical trial comparing the effect of axitinib with axitinib plus lomustine and analyzed the immunophenotype of PBMC, the production of cytokines and expression of inhibitory molecules by circulating T cells.
resultsPBMC of 18 patients were collected at baseline and at 6 weeks after initiation of study treatment. Axitinib increased the number of naïve CD8(+) T cells and central memory CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and reduced the TIM3 expression on CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Patients diagnosed with progressive disease on axitinib had a significantly increased number of regulatory T cells and an increased level of PD-1 expression on CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. In addition, reduced numbers of cytokine-producing T cells were found in progressive patients as compared to patients responding to treatment.
conclusionOur results suggest that axitinib treatment in patients with recurrent glioblastoma has a favorable impact on immune function. At the time of acquired resistance to axitinib, we documented further enhancement of a preexisting immunosuppression. Further investigations on the role of axitinib as potential combination partner with immunotherapy are necessary.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.