ArticleNature communications2016
Virtual memory T cells develop and mediate bystander protective immunity in an IL-15-dependent manner.
Article in Nature communications, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 154 papers.
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Who cites it
154 citing papers in PubMed.
- Thymosin α1-induced secretion of the IL-15/RA complex by THP-1-derived dendritic cells restrains HIV latencyVirulence · 2026Article
- Lymph node contraction links sex-biased naive CD8Nature aging · 2026Article
- AFF3 maintains metabolic quiescence in naive CD8 T cells and prevents premature immune aging.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Peri-weaning, diet-induced activation of an IFNγ-mediated regulatory circuit promotes cDC1 maturation and CD8Nature communications · 2026Article
- Article
- Virtual memory CD8⁺ T cells in aging: heterogeneity, bystander protection, inflammatory potential, and inhibitory regulation.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2026Review
- Artificial Intelligence Virtual Organoids (AIVOs).Bioactive materials · 2026Review
- Revisiting T cells: Innate actions and emerging links to innate memory response.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Review
- Cytotoxic CD4Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- IL-4-STAT6 signaling delays protective CD8Nature immunology · 2026Article
- α-Galactosylceramide-expanded virtual memory CD8Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Limited adaptability of virtual memory CD8 T cells to chronic viral infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Aiolos restricts the generation of antigen-inexperienced, virtual memory CD8Nature communications · 2025Article
- IL-15 complex enhances therapeutic efficacy of anti-PD-L1 in a T cell-dependent and NK cell-independent manner in a murine model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2025Article
- Maternal probiotic exposure enhances CD8 T cell protective neonatal immunity and modulates offspring metabolome to control influenza virus infection.Gut microbes · 2025Article
- Development of intestinal tissue-resident T cells in early-life mice before and after weaning.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- LCMV-mediated loss of virtual memory CD8 T cells yields a functionally enhanced T cell subset.iScience · 2025Article
- Integrin CD103 expression in naive CD8Immunity · 2025Article
- Delineating the short- and long-term impact of ionizing radiation on antigen-inexperienced CD8+ T cell subsets.JCI insight · 2025Article
- Article
94 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Virtual memory cells (VM) are an antigen-specific, memory phenotype CD8 T-cell subset found in lymphoreplete, unchallenged mice. Previous studies indicated that VM cells were the result of homeostatic proliferation (HP) resembling the proliferation observed in a lymphopenic environment. Here we demonstrate that HP is ongoing in lymphoreplete mice, the degree of which is dictated by the number of naive CD8 T cells with a sufficiently high affinity for self-antigen interacting with peripheral IL-15. VM cell transcriptional profiles suggest a capacity to mediate protective immunity via antigen non-specific bystander killing, a function we show is dependent on IL-15. Finally, we show a VM-like population of human cells that accumulate with age and traffic to the liver, displaying phenotypic and functional attributes consistent with the bystander protective functions of VM cells identified in the mouse. These data identify developmental and functional attributes of VM cells, including their likely role in protective immunity.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.