ArticleScientific reports2016
Microbial metabolite butyrate facilitates M2 macrophage polarization and function.
Article in Scientific reports, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 193 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
193 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 307 citations in OpenAlex.
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- The Effects of Dietary Fiber and High-Dietary-Fiber Diets on Body Weight Regulation and Lipid Metabolism in Athletes: A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Gut Microbiota and Atherosclerotic Plaque Instability: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Targeting the cancer metabolism-immunity interface: update and perspectives.Experimental hematology & oncology · 2026Review
- The gastrointestinal microbiome and constituent short-chain fatty acids: a narrative review of an underexplored axis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.Gut pathogens · 2026Review
- Gastrointestinal Tract Remodeling by Dietary Polysaccharides Mechanistic Insights in Colitis-A Review.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Gut-bone axis in rheumatoid arthritis: microbiota-driven barrier dysfunction, immune crosstalk, and therapeutic strategies.Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · 2026Review
- Gut-liver axis molecular mechanisms in alcohol-associated liver disease.Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.) · 2026Review
- Metabotherapy for intestinal disease: using metabolites to prevent and treat disorders of the gut.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2026Review
- The Multifaceted Roles of Gut Microbiota and Their Metabolites in Metabolic Dysfunction-associated Steatotic Liver Disease: A Literature Review.Journal of clinical and translational hepatology · 2026Review
- Microbiomics: Novel Biomarkers of Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis and Prognosis.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Obesity-derived metabolites modulate anti-tumor immunity in the tumor microenvironment: from mechanisms to clinical applications.BMC medicine · 2026Review
- Postbiotics: Novel Modulators of Gut Health, Metabolism, and Their Mechanisms of Action.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Review
- Tissue context as a determinant of trained innate immunity: a conserved molecular toolkit with divergent functional outputs.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2026Review
- New concept in wound infection management: From bacterial eradication to microbiome modulation.APL bioengineering · 2026Article
- Neutrophils as critical orchestrators of chronic inflammation.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2026Review
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133 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Metabolites from intestinal microbes modulate the mucosal immune system by regulating the polarization and expansion of T cells. Whether the microbial metabolites influence macrophage polarization, however, is poorly understood. Here, we show that the large bowel microbial fermentation product, butyrate, facilitates M2 macrophage polarization, in vitro and in vivo. The supernatant from butyrate-treated M2 macrophage increased the migration and enhanced the wound closure rate of MLE-12 cells. Butyrate attenuated intestinal inflammation in mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, with a significant increase in colonic expression of the M2 macrophage-associated protein, Arg1. M2 macrophage treated with butyrate, had increased activation of the H3K9/STAT6 signaling pathway, suggesting a mechanism for butyrate facilitated M2 macrophage polarization. Collectively, our study indicated that commensal microbe-derived butyrate is a novel activator of STAT6-mediated transcription through H3K9 acetylation driving M2 macrophage polarization, and delineated new insights into the immune interplay underlying inflammatory bowel disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.