ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2016
Hepatotoxicity Induced by "the 3Ks": Kava, Kratom and Khat.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- New Psychoactive Substances Toxicity: A Systematic Review of Acute and Chronic Psychiatric Effects.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Qualitative content analysis of public responses to an FDA inquiry on the impact of scheduling changes to kratom.The International journal on drug policy · 2022Pooled it
- Integration of computational models to predict botanical phytochemical constituent clearance routes by the Extended Clearance Classification System (ECCS).Toxicology and applied pharmacology · 2025Article
- Hepatitis Associated withJournal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Unveiling the Complexities of Medications, Substance Abuse, and Plants for Recreational and Narcotic Purposes: An In-Depth Analysis.Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Article
- Postmortem Mitragynine Distribution in a Single Drug Fatality Case.Academic forensic pathology · 2023Article
- Review
- Forensic Aspects of a Fatal Intoxication Involving Acetaminophen, Citalopram and Trazodone: A Case Report.Toxics · 2022Article
- An Updated Review on the Psychoactive, Toxic and Anticancer Properties of Kava.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Review
- Study of influence ofSaudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society · 2022Article
- Multiorgan Dysfunction Related to Kratom Ingestion.ACG case reports journal · 2021Article
- Kratom-induced transaminitis with subsequent precipitated opioid withdrawal following naltrexone.The mental health clinician · 2021Article
- Psychoactive Substances of Natural Origin: Toxicological Aspects, Therapeutic Properties and Analysis in Biological Samples.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Herb-induced liver injury (HILI) with 12,068 worldwide cases published with causality assessments by Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM): an overview.Translational gastroenterology and hepatology · 2021Review
- Biological Activity, Hepatotoxicity, and Structure-Activity Relationship of Kavalactones and Flavokavins, the Two Main Bioactive Components in Kava (Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM · 2021Review
- Drug-Induced Liver Injury Caused by "Khat," an Herbal Stimulant.ACG case reports journal · 2020Article
- Kratom induced severe cholestatic liver injury histologically mimicking primary biliary cholangitis: A case report.World journal of hepatology · 2020Article
- Kava constituents exert selective anticancer effects in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells in vitro.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Kratom-Pharmacology, Clinical Implications, and Outlook: A Comprehensive Review.Pain and therapy · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The 3Ks (kava, kratom and khat) are herbals that can potentially induce liver injuries. On the one hand, growing controversial data have been reported about the hepatotoxicity of kratom, while, on the other hand, even though kava and khat hepatotoxicity has been investigated, the hepatotoxic effects are still not clear. Chronic recreational use of kratom has been associated with rare instances of acute liver injury. Several studies and case reports have suggested that khat is hepatotoxic, leading to deranged liver enzymes and also histopathological evidence of acute hepatocellular degeneration. Numerous reports of severe hepatotoxicity potentially induced by kava have also been highlighted, both in the USA and Europe. The aim of this review is to focus on the different patterns and the mechanisms of hepatotoxicity induced by "the 3Ks", while trying to clarify the numerous aspects that still need to be addressed.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.