ArticleFrontiers in cellular neuroscience2016
Closed-Loop Neuroscience and Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation: A Tale of Two Loops.
Article in Frontiers in cellular neuroscience, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 96 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
96 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 199 citations in OpenAlex.
- Resting and TMS-EEG markers of treatment response in major depressive disorder: A systematic review.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2022Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of Closed-Loop Feedback Techniques in Sleep Studies-Related Issues and Future Directions.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Pooled it
- Effect of tDCS Concurrent With VR-Based Robotic Intervention on Hemiplegic Upper Limb Function After Subacute Ischemic Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Study.Neural plasticity · 2025Trial
- Reliability of resting-state EEG modulation by continuous and intermittent theta burst stimulation of the primary motor cortex: a sham-controlled study.Scientific reports · 2023Trial
- Effects of motor imagery based brain-computer interface on upper limb function and attention in stroke patients with hemiplegia: a randomized controlled trial.BMC neurology · 2023Trial
- Anodal tDCS augments and preserves working memory beyond time-on-task deficits.Scientific reports · 2021Trial
- A specific phase of transcranial alternating current stimulation at the β frequency boosts repetitive paired-pulse TMS-induced plasticity.Scientific reports · 2021Trial
- From Oscillations to Brain States: Real-Time EEG-TMS for Adaptive Neuromodulation.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Effects of noninvasive brain stimulation on motor functions in animal models of ischemia and trauma in the central nervous system.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- The Heart's Electromagnetic Field in Emotions, Empathy and Human Connection: Biosensor-Derived Insights into Heart-Brain Axis Mechanisms and a Basis for Novel BioMagnetoTherapies.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Bayesian Temporal Prediction: A Robust Algorithm for Real-Time EEG Phase-Dependent Brain Stimulation.IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering · 2026Article
- Stroke Rehabilitation, Novel Technology and the Internet of Medical Things.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- PQ-Neurolink: latency-aware post-quantum-ready secure communication for distributed brain-computer interfaces.Frontiers in systems neuroscience · 2026Article
- From synapse to system: mechanistic pathways of neural signaling dysfunction in psychiatric disorders.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Home-based transcranial static magnetic field stimulation - concept, development, and clinical applications: IFCN handbook chapter.Clinical neurophysiology practice · 2026Review
- Neuromodulation of Working Memory: Mechanisms, Targets, and Behavioral Outcomes.Neuroscience insights · 2026Review
- Lightweight EEG Phase Prediction Based on Channel Attention and Spatio-Temporal Parallel Processing.Brain sciences · 2025Article
- Neural mechanisms and neuromodulation therapies for non-suicidal self-injury.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Review
- Sensory Entrained TMS (seTMS) enhances motor cortex plasticity.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- State-Dependent Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Synchronized with Electroencephalography: Mechanisms, Applications, and Future Directions.Brain sciences · 2025Review
36 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Closed-loop neuroscience is receiving increasing attention with recent technological advances that enable complex feedback loops to be implemented with millisecond resolution on commodity hardware. We summarize emerging conceptual and methodological frameworks that are available to experimenters investigating a "brain in the loop" using non-invasive brain stimulation and briefly review the experimental and therapeutic implications. We take the view that closed-loop neuroscience in fact deals with two conceptually quite different loops: a "brain-state dynamics" loop, used to couple with and modulate the trajectory of neuronal activity patterns, and a "task dynamics" loop, that is the bidirectional motor-sensory interaction between brain and (simulated) environment, and which enables goal-directed behavioral tasks to be incorporated. Both loops need to be considered and combined to realize the full experimental and therapeutic potential of closed-loop neuroscience.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.