ReviewInternational journal of clinical pharmacy2016
Methods to control for unmeasured confounding in pharmacoepidemiology: an overview.
Review in International journal of clinical pharmacy, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Use of sensitivity analyses to assess uncontrolled confounding from unmeasured variables in observational, active comparator pharmacoepidemiologic studies: a systematic review.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Pooled it
- Quantitative bias analysis in practice: review of software for regression with unmeasured confounding.BMC medical research methodology · 2023Pooled it
- How Negative Controls Are Used in Pharmacoepidemiology: A Methodological Scoping Review of Real-World Observational Studies of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists.Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety · 2026Article
- Methylphenidate Treatment and Risk of Psychotic Disorder.JAMA psychiatry · 2026Article
- Pharmacotherapies for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Risk of Suicidal Behavior: A Within-Individual Study of Stimulants, Atomoxetine, and Alpha-2 Agonists.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Article
- Pharmacoepidemiology unpacked: a roadmap for junior researchers.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Use of Negative Control Outcomes to Assess Cohort Comparability Among Evolocumab Initiators: A Real-World Database Study.Clinical epidemiology · 2026Article
- Comparative hepatic safety between tegoprazan and esomeprazole: a real-world cohort study.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Antidepressant treatment and risk of subsequent bipolar disorder in adolescents with unipolar depression.BMJ mental health · 2025Article
- Article
- Flexible quantitative bias analysis for unmeasured confounding in subject-level indirect treatment comparisons with proportional hazards violation.BMC medical research methodology · 2025Article
- Ureaplasma in neonatal gastric fluid contributing to bronchopulmonary dysplasia.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2025Article
- Applying two approaches to detect unmeasured confounding due to time-varying variables in a self-controlled risk interval design evaluating COVID-19 vaccine safety signals, using myocarditis as a case example.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Evaluation of Drug-Drug Interactions in Pharmacoepidemiologic Research.Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety · 2025Review
- unmconf : an R package for Bayesian regression with unmeasured confounders.BMC medical research methodology · 2024Article
- Biases in Electronic Health Records Data for Generating Real-World Evidence: An Overview.Journal of healthcare informatics research · 2024Article
- Use of Bisphosphonates and the Risk of Skin Ulcer: A National Cohort Study Using Data from the French Health Care Claims Database.Drug safety · 2023Article
- How to Distinguish Correlation From Causation in Orthopaedic Research.The Journal of arthroplasty · 2023Review
- Article
- Primary Tumor Resection is Associated with Improved Disease-Specific Mortality in Patients with Stage IV Small Intestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs): A Comparison of Upfront Surgical Resection Versus a Watch and Wait Strategy in Two Specialist NET Centers.Annals of surgical oncology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background Unmeasured confounding is one of the principal problems in pharmacoepidemiologic studies. Several methods have been proposed to detect or control for unmeasured confounding either at the study design phase or the data analysis phase. Aim of the Review To provide an overview of commonly used methods to detect or control for unmeasured confounding and to provide recommendations for proper application in pharmacoepidemiology. Methods/Results Methods to control for unmeasured confounding in the design phase of a study are case only designs (e.g., case-crossover, case-time control, self-controlled case series) and the prior event rate ratio adjustment method. Methods that can be applied in the data analysis phase include, negative control method, perturbation variable method, instrumental variable methods, sensitivity analysis, and ecological analysis. A separate group of methods are those in which additional information on confounders is collected from a substudy. The latter group includes external adjustment, propensity score calibration, two-stage sampling, and multiple imputation. Conclusion As the performance and application of the methods to handle unmeasured confounding may differ across studies and across databases, we stress the importance of using both statistical evidence and substantial clinical knowledge for interpretation of the study results.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.