Observational studyPain2016
The Pain in Neuropathy Study (PiNS): a cross-sectional observational study determining the somatosensory phenotype of painful and painless diabetic neuropathy.
Observational study in Pain, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 149 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
149 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 305 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and Safety of Ion Channel Modulators in Painful Diabetic Neuropathy.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Pooled it
- Pregabalin and duloxetine combination for painful diabetic neuropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- Redefining distal symmetrical polyneuropathy features in type 1 diabetes: a systematic review.Acta diabetologica · 2022Pooled it
- Altered pain processing in patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of pain detection thresholds and pain modulation mechanisms.BMJ open diabetes research & care · 2020Pooled it
- AAPT Diagnostic Criteria for Chronic Cancer Pain Conditions.The journal of pain · 2017Pooled it
- Characterization of Patients With and Without Painful Peripheral Neuropathy After Receiving Neurotoxic Chemotherapy: Traditional Quantitative Sensory Testing vs C-Fiber and Aδ-Fiber Selective Diode Laser Stimulation.The journal of pain · 2022Trial
- Painful diabetic neuropathy is associated with increased nerve regeneration in patients with type 2 diabetes undergoing intensive glycemic control.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2021Trial
- Higher disease burden and greater small fibre impairment in women with painful diabetic neuropathy.Pain reports · 2026Article
- Beyond Neuropathy: The Mechanisms and Phenotypes of Diabetes-Related Musculoskeletal Pain.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Cellular and molecular basis of neuropathic pain.RMD open · 2026Review
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- Article
- Modulation of ion channels as emerging therapeutic targets in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy.EXCLI journal · 2026Review
- Preservation of Nociceptor Intraepidermal Nerve Fibres in Diabetic Neuropathic Pain.Journal of diabetes research · 2026Article
- Quantitative sensory testing and skin biopsy for neuropathy assessment in Portuguese patients with type 1 diabetes: an exploratory study.Endocrine · 2025Article
- Calcium Channel αPain and therapy · 2025Review
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- The Association Between Detailed Obesity Measurements and Peripheral Neuropathy in Persons With Diabetes.European journal of neurology · 2025Article
- Bibliometric Analysis: Insights Into the Podiatric Medicine Landscape of Diabetic Sensory Peripheral Neuropathy and Genomics.Journal of foot and ankle research · 2025Article
- Phenotypic characteristics of diabetic neuropathic pain and factors associated in patients with Diabetes Mellitus-type 2.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2025Article
89 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Disabling neuropathic pain (NeuP) is a common sequel of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). We aimed to characterise the sensory phenotype of patients with and without NeuP, assess screening tools for NeuP, and relate DPN severity to NeuP. The Pain in Neuropathy Study (PiNS) is an observational cross-sectional multicentre study. A total of 191 patients with DPN underwent neurological examination, quantitative sensory testing, nerve conduction studies, and skin biopsy for intraepidermal nerve fibre density assessment. A set of questionnaires assessed the presence of pain, pain intensity, pain distribution, and the psychological and functional impact of pain. Patients were divided according to the presence of DPN, and thereafter according to the presence and severity of NeuP. The DN4 questionnaire demonstrated excellent sensitivity (88%) and specificity (93%) in screening for NeuP. There was a positive correlation between greater neuropathy severity (r = 0.39, P < 0.01), higher HbA1c (r = 0.21, P < 0.01), and the presence (and severity) of NeuP. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy sensory phenotype is characterised by hyposensitivity to applied stimuli that was more marked in the moderate/severe NeuP group than in the mild NeuP or no NeuP groups. Brush-evoked allodynia was present in only those with NeuP (15%); the paradoxical heat sensation did not discriminate between those with (40%) and without (41.3%) NeuP. The "irritable nociceptor" subgroup could only be applied to a minority of patients (6.3%) with NeuP. This study provides a firm basis to rationalise further phenotyping of painful DPN, for instance, stratification of patients with DPN for analgesic drug trials.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.