ReviewEuropean journal of pharmacology2016
Mechanisms for the activation of Toll-like receptor 2/4 by saturated fatty acids and inhibition by docosahexaenoic acid.
Review in European journal of pharmacology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 134 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
134 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 239 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of the biological mediators of fat taste and smell.Physiological reviews · 2023Pooled it
- Trial
- Spatiotemporal control of STING activation and saRNA delivery decouples humoral and cellular immunity.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Neuronal Apoptotic Bodies Facilitate Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection and Pathogenicity.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026Article
- The Pathophysiological Interrelationship Between Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease and Cardiovascular Disease.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Short-, medium-, versus long-chain fatty acids: mechanisms of immunomodulation and disease pathogenesis.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2026Review
- Dietary Saturated Fatty Acids as Evolutionarily Conserved Signals of Immune Activation.DNA and cell biology · 2026Review
- Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Balance Modulates Microglial State in a Murine Model of Oxygen-Induced Neovascularization.Nutrients · 2026Article
- A Lipid Road to Neuroimmunology: Fatty Acids Linking Immune and Nervous Systems.Neuroimmunomodulation · 2026Review
- Screening of Differentially Expressed Genes Related to Growth, Development and Meat Quality Traits of Huanghuai Sheep Based on RNA-Seq Technology.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Mfsd2a-Targeted Therapy for Ischemic Stroke: Mechanisms, Evidence, and Future Prospects.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2025Review
- High Extracellular Glucose Concentration Drives Palmitate-Induced Toxicity and Metabolic Dysfunction in BV2 Microglia Cells.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Circulating endotoxin is correlated with fatty acid binding protein 2 and leukocyte nuclear factor-κB activation in menopausal women.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Microglia sensing of peripheral signals that bridge the brain and body.Molecular neurodegeneration · 2025Review
- Skeletal muscle atrophy and dysfunction in obesity and type-2 diabetes mellitus: Myocellular mechanisms involved.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2025Review
- Polyunsaturated fatty acid balance modulates microglial state in a murine model of oxygen-induced neovascularization.Research square · 2025Article
- Sleep Deprivation and Alzheimer's Disease: A Review of the Bidirectional Interactions and Therapeutic Potential of Omega-3.Brain sciences · 2025Review
- Induction of hyperlipidemic pancreatitis by different fatty acids: A narrative review.World journal of gastroenterology · 2025Review
- Linking Lipid Metabolism and Immune Function: New Insights into Chronic Respiratory Diseases.Pathophysiology : the official journal of the International Society for Pathophysiology · 2025Review
- Lipid Metabolism and Immune Function: Chemical Tools for Insights into T-Cell Biology.Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology · 2025Review
74 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Saturated fatty acids can activate Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 but polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) inhibit the activation. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and lipopetides, ligands for TLR4 and TLR2, respectively, are acylated by saturated fatty acids. Removal of these fatty acids results in loss of their ligand activity suggesting that the saturated fatty acyl moieties are required for the receptor activation. X-ray crystallographic studies revealed that these saturated fatty acyl groups of the ligands directly occupy hydrophobic lipid binding domains of the receptors (or co-receptor) and induce the dimerization which is prerequisite for the receptor activation. Saturated fatty acids also induce the dimerization and translocation of TLR4 and TLR2 into lipid rafts in plasma membrane and this process is inhibited by DHA. Whether saturated fatty acids induce the dimerization of the receptors by interacting with these lipid binding domains is not known. Many experimental results suggest that saturated fatty acids promote the formation of lipid rafts and recruitment of TLRs into lipid rafts leading to ligand independent dimerization of the receptors. Such a mode of ligand independent receptor activation defies the conventional concept of ligand induced receptor activation; however, this may enable diverse non-microbial molecules with endogenous and dietary origins to modulate TLR-mediated immune responses. Emerging experimental evidence reveals that TLRs play a key role in bridging diet-induced endocrine and metabolic changes to immune responses.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.