ReviewIntensive care medicine2016
Clinical recommendations for pain, sedation, withdrawal and delirium assessment in critically ill infants and children: an ESPNIC position statement for healthcare professionals.
Review in Intensive care medicine, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 143 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Prospective, Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial of Quetiapine as a Treatment for Delirium in Critically Ill Children
Validation of a Processed EEG Device (pEEG, Masimo Sedline®) as a Monitoring Tool for the Analgosedation Level in Mechanically Ventilated Critically Ill Children
Pediatric Delirium in Swedish PICUs: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Validation of the Swedish Cornell Assessment of Pediatric Delirium (CAPD) Instrument.
Who cites it
143 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 418 citations in OpenAlex.
- Subsyndromal Delirium in Elderly Critical Care Patients: A Meta-Analysis of Prevalence and Risk Factors.Geriatrics & gerontology international · 2026Pooled it
- Impact of Nurse-Driven Analgesia and Sedation Protocols on Medication Exposure and Withdrawal in Critically Ill Children: A Systematic Review.Nursing in critical care · 2025Pooled it
- [Evidence-based guideline for neonatal pain management in China (2023)].Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics · 2023Guideline
- Pooled it
- State of the science in pediatric ICU delirium: An integrative review.Research in nursing & health · 2020Pooled it
- Assessment and treatment of the withdrawal syndrome in paediatric intensive care units: Systematic review.Medicine · 2020Pooled it
- Strategies for the management and prevention of withdrawal syndrome in critically ill pediatric patients: a systematic review.Revista Brasileira de terapia intensivaPooled it
- Pupillometry for pain assessment in noncommunicating children in the pediatric intensive care unit: a prospective accuracy study.European journal of pediatrics · 2026Trial
- Intermittent intravenous paracetamol versus continuous morphine in infants undergoing cardiothoracic surgery: a multi-center randomized controlled trial.Critical care (London, England) · 2024Trial
- Sedation Management for Critically Ill Children with Pre-Existing Cognitive Impairment.The Journal of pediatrics · 2019Trial
- Beginning Restorative Activities Very Early: A Quality Improvement Project to Advance ABCDEF Bundle Practice in a Pediatric Oncology Intensive Care Unit.Pediatric reports · 2026Article
- Applicability, Validity, and Reliability of the Japanese Version of the Behavioral Pain Scale for Critically Ill Mechanically Ventilated Pediatric Patients: A Prospective Cross-Sectional Observational Study.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Bispectral Index and COMFORT B Score for Sedation in Mechanically Ventilated Children: A Prospective Observational Study.Indian journal of critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine · 2026Article
- Sarcopenia as a Prognostic Marker of Early Mortality After Surgery for Acute Aortic Dissection: A Prospective Cohort Study.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Feature Analysis for Evaluating the Risk of Postoperative Delirium in Pediatric Patients.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Clinician knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of delirium in patients with grade 3 bronchopulmonary dysplasia: A national survey.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Article
- Evaluation of the Analgesia Nociception Index (ANI) as an indicator of discomfort in deeply sedated, prepubescent patients.Journal of clinical monitoring and computing · 2026Article
- Multidisciplinary rehabilitation and follow-up for children hospitalized with traumatic brain injury.Journal of pediatric rehabilitation medicine · 2026Article
- Adapting Evidence-Based Practice Guidelines for Sedation, Analgesia, Withdrawal, and Delirium Assessment and Management in Critically Ill Children.Critical care research and practice · 2026Article
- Psychomotor Rehabilitation for Pediatric Delirium: A Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial Investigating Efficacy and Brain Electrophysiological Mechanisms.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2026Article
83 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThis position statement provides clinical recommendations for the assessment of pain, level of sedation, iatrogenic withdrawal syndrome and delirium in critically ill infants and children. Admission to a neonatal or paediatric intensive care unit (NICU, PICU) exposes a child to a series of painful and stressful events. Accurate assessment of the presence of pain and non-pain-related distress (adequacy of sedation, iatrogenic withdrawal syndrome and delirium) is essential to good clinical management and to monitoring the effectiveness of interventions to relieve or prevent pain and distress in the individual patient.
methodsA multidisciplinary group of experts was recruited from the members of the European Society of Paediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care (ESPNIC). The group formulated clinical questions regarding assessment of pain and non-pain-related distress in critically ill and nonverbal children, and searched the PubMed/Medline, CINAHL and Embase databases for studies describing the psychometric properties of assessment instruments. Furthermore, level of evidence of selected studies was assigned and recommendations were formulated, and grade or recommendations were added on the basis of the level of evidence.
resultsAn ESPNIC position statement was drafted which provides clinical recommendations on assessment of pain (n = 5), distress and/or level of sedation (n = 4), iatrogenic withdrawal syndrome (n = 3) and delirium (n = 3). These recommendations were based on the available evidence and consensus amongst the experts and other members of ESPNIC.
conclusionsThis multidisciplinary ESPNIC position statement guides professionals in the assessment and reassessment of the effectiveness of treatment interventions for pain, distress, inadequate sedation, withdrawal syndrome and delirium.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.