ReviewInternational journal of cancer2016
Managing leptomeningeal melanoma metastases in the era of immune and targeted therapy.
Review in International journal of cancer, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 58 citations in OpenAlex.
- MelOD: The Melanoma Omics Dashboard for Multimodal Data Exploration.Pigment cell & melanoma research · 2026Article
- Amelanotic primary thalamic melanoma: a case report.BMC neurology · 2026Article
- Melanoma leptomeningeal disease: Advances in diagnosis and emerging therapeutic strategies.World journal of experimental medicine · 2026Review
- Phase IB study of Avelumab and whole brain radiotherapy in patients with leptomeningeal disease from solid tumors: Results and molecular analyses.Neuro-oncology · 2025Article
- Preclinical models of melanoma leptomeningeal disease to assess intrathecal checkpoint blockade.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Intrathecal anti-PD-1 treatment in metastatic melanoma patients with leptomeningeal disease (LMD): real-world data and evidence.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2024Article
- Survival and treatment outcomes in patients with leptomeningeal disease from metastatic melanoma.Neuro-oncology practice · 2024Article
- Spatial transcriptomics analysis identifies a tumor-promoting function of the meningeal stroma in melanoma leptomeningeal disease.Cell reports. Medicine · 2024Article
- Integration analysis of single-cell transcriptome reveals specific monocyte subsets associated with melanoma brain and leptomeningeal metastasis.Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging (ISSI) · 2024Article
- Leptomeningeal disease in melanoma: An update on the developments in pathophysiology and clinical care.Pigment cell & melanoma research · 2024Review
- Spatial transcriptomics analysis identifies a unique tumor-promoting function of the meningeal stroma in melanoma leptomeningeal disease.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Leptomeningeal Metastasis: A Review of the Pathophysiology, Diagnostic Methodology, and Therapeutic Landscape.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2023Review
- Gene-edited and -engineered stem cell platform drives immunotherapy for brain metastatic melanomas.Science translational medicine · 2023Article
- Review
- Surgical and anatomic factors predict development of leptomeningeal disease in patients with melanoma brain metastases.Neuro-oncology · 2022Article
- Novel human melanoma brain metastasis models in athymic nude fox1Cancer medicine · 2021Article
- Advances in the diagnosis, evaluation, and management of leptomeningeal disease.Neuro-oncology advances · 2021Article
- The Liquid Biopsy for Lung Cancer: State of the Art, Limitations and Future Developments.Cancers · 2021Review
- Single-Cell Characterization of the Immune Microenvironment of Melanoma Brain and Leptomeningeal Metastases.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2021Article
- Melanoma brain metastasis presentation, treatment, and outcomes in the age of targeted and immunotherapies.Cancer · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Melanoma frequently metastasizes to the brain, with CNS involvement being clinically evident in ∼30% of patients (as high as 75% at autopsy). In ∼5% cases melanoma cells also metastasize to the leptomeninges, the sub-arachnoid space and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Patients with leptomeningeal melanoma metastases (LMM) have the worst prognosis and are characterized by rapid disease progression (mean survival 8-10 weeks) and a death from neurological causes. The recent years have seen tremendous progress in the development of targeted and immune therapies for melanoma that has translated into an increased survival benefit. Despite these gains, the majority of patients fail therapy and there is a suspicion that the brain and the leptomeninges are a "sanctuary" sites for melanoma cells that escape both targeted therapy and immunologic therapies. Emerging evidence suggests that (1) Cancer cells migrating to the CNS may have unique molecular properties and (2) the CNS/leptomeningeal microenvironment represents a pro-survival niche that influences therapeutic response. In this Mini-Review, we will outline the clinical course of LMM development and will describe how the intracranial immune and cellular microenvironments offer both opportunities and challenges for the successful management of this disease. We will further discuss the latest data demonstrating the potential use of BRAF inhibitors and immune therapy in the management of LMM, and will review future potential therapeutic strategies for the management of this most devastating complication of advanced melanoma.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.